19th-century mechanical calculator patented by French inventor Thomas de Colmar
Arithmomètre built by Louis Payen around 1887
The arithmometer (French: arithmomètre) was the first digital mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. This calculator could add and subtract two numbers directly and could perform long multiplications and divisions effectively by using a movable accumulator for the result.
Patented in France by Thomas de Colmar in 1820[1] and manufactured from 1851[2] to 1915,[3] it became the first commercially successful mechanical calculator.[4] Its sturdy design gave it a strong reputation for reliability and accuracy[5] and made it a key player in the move from human computers to calculating machines that took place during the second half of the 19th century.[6]
Its production debut of 1851[2] launched the mechanical calculator industry[4] which ultimately built millions of machines well into the 1970s. For forty years, from 1851 to 1890,[7] the arithmometer was the only type of mechanical calculator in commercial production, and it was sold all over the world. During the later part of that period two companies started manufacturing clones of the arithmometer: Burkhardt, from Germany, which started in 1878, and Layton of the UK, which started in 1883. Eventually about twenty European companies built clones of the arithmometer until the beginning of World War I.
^"Brevets & Descriptions" [Patents & Descriptions]. www.arithmometre.org (in French). English translation available. Retrieved 2017-08-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ abJohnston, Stephen. "Making the arithmometer count". www.mhs.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
^Ageron, Pierre (July 2016). "L'arithmomètre de Thomas : sa réception dans les pays méditerranéens (1850-1915), son intérêt dans nos salles de classe". In Radford, L.; Furinghetti, F.; Hausberger, T. (eds.). Proceedings of the 2016 ICME Satellite Meeting of the International Study Group on the Relations Between the History and Pedagogy of Mathematics. Montpellier, France: IREM de Montpellier. pp. 655–670.
^ abChase G.C.: History of Mechanical Computing Machinery, Vol. 2, Number 3, July 1980, page 204, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
https://archive.org/details/ChaseMechanicalComputingMachinery
^Ifrah G., The Universal History of Numbers, vol 3, page 127, The Harvill Press, 2000
^Grier D.A.: When Computers Were Human, page 93, Princeton University Press, 2005
^The Comptometer became the first competing design in production from 1887 but only one hundred machines were sold by 1890.
The arithmometer (French: arithmomètre) was the first digital mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment...
The Odhner Arithmometer was a very successful pinwheel calculator invented in Russia in 1873 by W. T. Odhner, a Swedish immigrant. Its industrial production...
arithmometer was the only type of mechanical calculator available for sale until the industrial production of the more successful Odhner Arithmometer...
The American Arithmometer Company was an American manufacture organized in St. Louis, Missouri in 1886 by William S. Burroughs that produced adding machines...
Thomas de Colmar when he used it, a century and a half later, in his Arithmometer, the first mass-produced calculating machine. It was also used in the...
extremely popular with the success of Thomas' Arithmometer (manufactured 1850s) and Odhner Arithmometer (manufactured 1890s). In "Machina arithmetica...
business equipment. The company was founded in 1886 as the American Arithmometer Company by William Seward Burroughs. In 1986, it merged with Sperry UNIVAC...
the first commercially successful mechanical calculator, known as the Arithmometer. Additionally, he founded the insurance companies Le Soleil and L'aigle...
working in St. Petersburg, Russia. He was the inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer, which by the 1940s was one of the most popular type of portable mechanical...
forty years later, by 1890, about 2,500 arithmometers had been sold plus a few hundreds more from two arithmometer clone makers (Burkhardt, Germany, 1878...
100th anniversary of the invention of the arithmometer, Torres presented in Paris the Electromechanical Arithmometer, a prototype that demonstrated the feasibility...
Theophil Odhner (1845–1905), Swedish engineer and inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer working in Russia Nils Johan Teodor Odhner (1879–1928), Swedish arctic...
was the first machine in production to challenge the supremacy of the arithmometer and its clones; but not immediately, it took almost three years to sell...
100th anniversary of the invention of the arithmometer, Torres presented in Paris the Electromechanical Arithmometer, which allowed a user to input arithmetic...
mechanical calculator industry in 1851 when he released his simplified arithmometer (it took him thirty years to refine his machine, patented in 1820, into...
said to encapsulate most of the elements of modern computers. Odhner Arithmometer, 1873 – W. T. Odhner's calculator who had millions of clones manufactured...
Industrial Revolution had produced mass-market calculators like the arithmometer and the enabling technology of the punch card. Charles Babbage proposed...
calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, later used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. In philosophy and theology...
banking industry, and adoption spread. Burroughs founded the American Arithmometer Company in 1886. After his death, in 1904 partner John Boyer renamed...
Irving's Rip Van Winkle; a Richard Nixon head candle; and a 19th-century arithmometer. Also, Rick takes the others out to play shuffleboard. 327 11 "Bo Knows"...
pinwheel calculator in 1685, and he invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary...
the 1990s. Even the 1874 invention of mechanical calculator, Odhner arithmometer, had not replaced them in Russia. According to Yakov Perelman, some businessmen...
the launch vehicle and the satellite were initially calculated using arithmometers and six-digit trigonometric tables. More complex calculations were carried...
100th anniversary of the invention of the arithmometer, Torres presented in Paris the Electromechanical Arithmometer, which consisted of an arithmetic unit...
fallback Vehicle identification number – System for identifying vehicles Arithmometer – 19th-century mechanical calculator patented by French inventor Thomas...
invention of the arithmometer, he presented at a Paris conference the "Arithmomètre Electroméchanique" ("Electromechanical Arithmometer"), which consisted...
Global Information