Global InformationArchimedes information
Archimedes of Syracuse | |
|---|---|
Ἀρχιμήδης | |
 Archimedes Thoughtful by Domenico Fetti (1620) | |
| Born | c. 287 BC Syracuse, Sicily |
| Died | c. 212 BC (aged approximately 75) Syracuse, Sicily |
| Known for | List
|
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics Physics Astronomy Mechanics Engineering |
Archimedes of Syracuse[a] (/ˌɑːrkɪˈmiːdiːz/ AR-kim-EE-deez;[2] c. 287 – c. 212 BC) was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.[3] Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Considered the greatest mathematician of ancient history, and one of the greatest of all time,[4] Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying the concept of the infinitely small and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems.[5][6] These include the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, the area of an ellipse, the area under a parabola, the volume of a segment of a paraboloid of revolution, the volume of a segment of a hyperboloid of revolution, and the area of a spiral.[7][8]
Archimedes' other mathematical achievements include deriving an approximation of pi, defining and investigating the Archimedean spiral, and devising a system using exponentiation for expressing very large numbers. He was also one of the first to apply mathematics to physical phenomena, working on statics and hydrostatics. Archimedes' achievements in this area include a proof of the law of the lever,[9] the widespread use of the concept of center of gravity,[10] and the enunciation of the law of buoyancy known as Archimedes' principle.[11] He is also credited with designing innovative machines, such as his screw pump, compound pulleys, and defensive war machines to protect his native Syracuse from invasion.
Archimedes died during the siege of Syracuse, when he was killed by a Roman soldier despite orders that he should not be harmed. Cicero describes visiting Archimedes' tomb, which was surmounted by a sphere and a cylinder that Archimedes requested be placed there to represent his mathematical discoveries.
Unlike his inventions, Archimedes' mathematical writings were little known in antiquity. Mathematicians from Alexandria read and quoted him, but the first comprehensive compilation was not made until c. 530 AD by Isidore of Miletus in Byzantine Constantinople, while commentaries on the works of Archimedes by Eutocius in the 6th century opened them to wider readership for the first time. The relatively few copies of Archimedes' written work that survived through the Middle Ages were an influential source of ideas for scientists during the Renaissance and again in the 17th century,[12][13] while the discovery in 1906 of previously lost works by Archimedes in the Archimedes Palimpsest has provided new insights into how he obtained mathematical results.[14][15][16][17]
- ^ Knorr, Wilbur R. (1978). "Archimedes and the spirals: The heuristic background". Historia Mathematica. 5 (1): 43–75. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(78)90134-9.
"To be sure, Pappus does twice mention the theorem on the tangent to the spiral [IV, 36, 54]. But in both instances the issue is Archimedes' inappropriate use of a 'solid neusis,' that is, of a construction involving the sections of solids, in the solution of a plane problem. Yet Pappus' own resolution of the difficulty [IV, 54] is by his own classification a 'solid' method, as it makes use of conic sections." (p. 48)
- ^ "Archimedes". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
- ^ "Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BC)". BBC History. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- ^ *John M. Henshaw (10 September 2014). An Equation for Every Occasion: Fifty-Two Formulas and Why They Matter. JHU Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4214-1492-8. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
Archimedes is on most lists of the greatest mathematicians of all time and is considered the greatest mathematician of antiquity.
- Calinger, Ronald (1999). A Contextual History of Mathematics. Prentice-Hall. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-02-318285-3.
Shortly after Euclid, compiler of the definitive textbook, came Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287 212 BC), the most original and profound mathematician of antiquity.
- "Archimedes of Syracuse". The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. January 1999. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
- Sadri Hassani (11 November 2013). Mathematical Methods: For Students of Physics and Related Fields. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-387-21562-4. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
Archimedes is arguably believed to be the greatest mathematician of antiquity.
- Hans Niels Jahnke. A History of Analysis. American Mathematical Soc. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8218-9050-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
Archimedes was the greatest mathematician of antiquity and one of the greatest of all times
- Stephen Hawking (29 March 2007). God Created The Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs that Changed History. Running Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7624-3272-1. Archived from the original on 20 November 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
Archimedes, the greatest mathematician of antiquity
- Vallianatos, Evaggelos (27 July 2014). "Archimedes: The Greatest Scientist Who Ever Lived". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
- Kiersz., Andy (2 July 2014). "The 12 mathematicians who unlocked the modern world". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- "Archimedes". Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- Livio, Mario (6 December 2017). "Who's the Greatest Mathematician of Them All?". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- Calinger, Ronald (1999). A Contextual History of Mathematics. Prentice-Hall. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-02-318285-3.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Jullien, V. (2015), J., Vincent (ed.), "Archimedes and Indivisibles", Seventeenth-Century Indivisibles Revisited, Science Networks. Historical Studies, vol. 49, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 451–457, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00131-9_18, ISBN 978-3-319-00131-9, archived from the original on 14 July 2021, retrieved 14 April 2021
- ^ O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. (February 1996). "A history of calculus". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
- ^ Heath, Thomas L. 1897. Works of Archimedes.
- ^ Goe, G. (1972). "Archimedes' theory of the lever and Mach's critique". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 2 (4): 329–345. Bibcode:1972SHPSA...2..329G. doi:10.1016/0039-3681(72)90002-7. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Berggren, J. L. (1976). "Spurious Theorems in Archimedes' Equilibrium of Planes: Book I". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 16 (2): 87–103. doi:10.1007/BF00349632. ISSN 0003-9519. JSTOR 41133463. S2CID 119741769. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:7was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hoyrup, J. (2019). Archimedes: Knowledge and lore from Latin Antiquity to the outgoing European Renaissance. Selected Essays on Pre- and Early Modern Mathematical Practice. pp. 459–477.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Leahy, A. (2018). "The method of Archimedes in the seventeenth century". The American Monthly. 125 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1080/00029890.2018.1413857. S2CID 125559661. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ "Works, Archimedes". University of Oklahoma. 23 June 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
- ^ Paipetis, Stephanos A.; Ceccarelli, Marco, eds. (8–10 June 2010). The Genius of Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy. History of Mechanism and Machine Science. Vol. 11. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9091-1. ISBN 978-90-481-9091-1.
- ^ "Archimedes – The Palimpsest". Walters Art Museum. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
- ^ Flood, Alison. "Archimedes Palimpsest reveals insights centuries ahead of its time". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
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