The Arc system is a two-component system found in some bacteria that regulates gene expression in faculatative anaerobes such as Escheria coli.[1] Two-component system means that it has a sensor molecule and a response regulator. Arc is an abbreviation for Anoxic Redox Control system. Arc systems are instrumental in maintaining energy metabolism during transcription of bacteria.[2] The ArcA response regulator looks at growth conditions and expresses genes to best suit the bacteria. The Arc B sensor kinase, which is a tripartite protein, is membrane bound and can autophosphorylate.[3]
The Arc System was first reported in E. coli strains[4] and subsequently many followed. ArcA/ArcB were first identified as playing an important role in regulation of aerobic and anaerobic pathways by Shiro Iuchi and E. C. Lin. These two scientists designed a genetic screen using the sdh-lacZ operon in a Δlac strain of E. coli. It was shown that mutations in arcA and arcB resulted in elevated levels of enzymes involved in anaerobic fermentation pathways. These two scientists are responsible for the name arc, which originally stood for aerobic respiration control.[2]
^Lee YS, Han JS, Jeon Y, Hwang DS (March 2001). "The arc two-component signal transduction system inhibits in vitro Escherichia coli chromosomal initiation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 9917–9923. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008629200. PMID 11133990.
^ abMalpica R, Sandoval GR, Rodríguez C, Franco B, Georgellis D (June 2006). "Signaling by the arc two-component system provides a link between the redox state of the quinone pool and gene expression". Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 8 (5–6): 781–795. doi:10.1089/ars.2006.8.781. PMID 16771670.
^Peña-Sandoval GR, Georgellis D (March 2010). "The ArcB sensor kinase of Escherichia coli autophosphorylates by an intramolecular reaction". Journal of Bacteriology. 192 (6): 1735–1739. doi:10.1128/JB.01401-09. PMC 2832521. PMID 20097862.
^Jung WS, Jung YR, Oh DB, Kang HA, Lee SY, Chavez-Canales M, et al. (July 2008). "Characterization of the Arc two-component signal transduction system of the capnophilic rumen bacterium Mannheimia succiniciproducens". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 284 (1): 109–119. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01187.x. PMID 18462392.
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