Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Opisthokonta
The Apusozoa are a paraphyletic phylum[1] of flagellate eukaryotes. They are usually around 5–20 μm in size, and occur in soils and aquatic habitats, where they feed on bacteria. They are grouped together based on the presence of an organic shell or theca under the dorsal surface of the cell.
The name derives from the Ancient Greek words for footless (ἄπους) and animal (ζῷον).[2][3]
This phylum is currently defined as containing the Breviata and the Apusomonadida.[4][5] However, it currently usually is viewed as paraphyletic, with the Breviata as more basal. The opisthokonts appear to have emerged as sister of the apusomonadida. It has been suggested that the Mantamonadida be classified in Apusozoa.[6][7]
The ancyromonadida appear to be Varisulca, Planomonadida, shifting them possibly more basal than the Amoebozoa,[8][9][10] or less basal.[11] While some classification systems have placed Hemimastigida in Apusozoa,[12] 2018 research indicated that hemimastigotes (Hemimastix kukwesjijk [de]/Hemimastix/Spironemidae) are their own supra-kingdom.[13]
^Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S (October 2008). "Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences within Planomonas gen. nov". Protist. 159 (4): 535–62. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.06.002. PMID 18723395.
^ἄπους. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^ζῷον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
^Eme, Laura; Sharpe, Susan C.; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J. (2014-08-01). "On the Age of Eukaryotes: Evaluating Evidence from Fossils and Molecular Clocks". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (8): a016139. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016139. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 4107988. PMID 25085908.
^Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-06-11). "Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0130114. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030114R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130114. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5159126. PMID 26068874.
^Glücksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier-Smith T (September 2010). "The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas (Mantamonadida ord. n.: Apusozoa)". Protist. 162 (2): 207–221. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.06.004. PMID 20884290.
^Orr, Russell J. S.; Zhao, Sen; Klaveness, Dag; Yabuki, Akinori; Ikeda, Keiji; Makoto, Watanabe M.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran (2017-10-08). "Enigmatic Diphyllatea eukaryotes: Culturing and targeted PacBio RS amplicon sequencing reveals a higher order taxonomic diversity and global distribution". bioRxiv 10.1101/199125.
^Speijer, Dave; Lukeš, Julius; Eliáš, Marek (2015-07-21). "Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (29): 8827–8834. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.8827S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1501725112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4517231. PMID 26195746.
^Torruella, Guifré; Mendoza, Alex de; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; Campo, Javier del; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology. 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. PMID 26365255.
^Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E.; Snell, Elizabeth A.; Berney, Cédric; Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria; Lewis, Rhodri (2014). "Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 81: 71–85. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012. PMID 25152275.
^Paps, Jordi; Medina-Chacón, Luis A.; Marshall, Wyth; Suga, Hiroshi; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki (2013). "Molecular Phylogeny of Unikonts: New Insights into the Position of Apusomonads and Ancyromonads and the Internal Relationships of Opisthokonts". Protist. 164 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.09.002. PMC 4342546. PMID 23083534.
^Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003-01-01). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39 (4): 338–348. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00002. ISSN 0932-4739.
^Chung, Emily (November 16, 2018). "Rare microbes lead scientists to discover new branch on the tree of life". CBC news. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
The Apusozoa are a paraphyletic phylum of flagellate eukaryotes. They are usually around 5–20 μm in size, and occur in soils and aquatic habitats, where...
Cavalier-Smith proposed two new phyla: Sulcozoa, which consists of the subphyla Apusozoa (Apusomonadida and Breviatea), and Varisulca, which includes the subphyla...
Mantamonadida and class Glissodiscea. Previously, they were classified in Apusozoa as sister of the Apusmonadida on the basis of rRNA analyses. However, mantamonads...
and a complete apical complex, non-photosynthetic apicoplast. over 6,000 Apusozoa (paraphyletic) Apusomonas-like animals Gliding biciliates with two or three...
within the monotypic class Thecomonadea as part of the paraphyletic phylum Apusozoa. Modern cladistic approaches to eukaryotic classification refer to apusomonads...
introduced by Cavalier-Smith in 2002, who also included the centrohelids and Apusozoa. A noteworthy order that belongs to Ascetosporea is the Mikrocytida. These...
A protist is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely...
Amoebozoa and Amorphea may have emerged in the Varisulca. Some groups of Apusozoa are now considered Varisulca. The Apusomonadida (e.g. Thecamonas) now not...
Apusomonas is a genus of Apusozoa erected by A. G. Aléxéieff in 1924. It includes the species Apusomonas proboscidea. Karpov, Serguey A. (2007). "The flagellar...
protist kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista contain paraphyletic phyla such as Apusozoa, Eolouka or Opisthosporidia. Additionally, red and green algae are considered...
Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata. Cavalier-Smith has suggested that Apusozoa, which are typically considered incertae sedis, are in fact bikonts. Relationships...
89–97. Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (May 2003). "Phylogeny of choanozoa, apusozoa, and other protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution". J. Mol. Evol. 56...
(clade) and Choanozoa (paraphyletic), i.e. it includes the proposed subphyla Apusozoa and Varisulca Look up Sulcozoa in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Cavalier-Smith...
EE, Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S (2008). "Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): Ultrastructural Affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and Deep Divergences...
Thomas Cavalier-Smith & Ema E.-Y. Chao (2003). "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution". Journal of Molecular...
Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S (October 2008). "Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences...
(October 2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of Apusomonadida (Protozoa: Apusozoa): new genera and species". Protist. 161 (4): 549–576. doi:10.1016/j.protis...
This class belongs to a paraphyletic phylum that is in disuse, known as Apusozoa. Although not a phylum itself, it is listed here with other phyla due to...
Chao EE (2010). "Phylogeny and Evolution of Apusomonadida (Protozoa: Apusozoa): New Genera and Species". Protist. 161 (4): 549–576. doi:10.1016/j.protis...
Stechmann A, Oates B, Nikolaev S (October 2008). "Planomonadida ord. nov. (Apusozoa): ultrastructural affinity with Micronuclearia podoventralis and deep divergences...
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