Operation targeting rural Kurdish civilians in 1988
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Footwear of a child found in an Anfal mass grave
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Final stages (1988)
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Anfal campaign
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Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Early conflicts
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Main phase
First Iraqi–Kurdish War
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Anfal campaign
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Later phase
1994–97 Civil War
2003 invasion of Iraq
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Kirkuk
2023 Makhmour clashes
The Anfal campaign[a] was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds[1] because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk Governorate.[2] The Iraqis committed atrocities on the local Kurdish population, mostly civilians.[3]
The Iraqi forces were led by Ali Hassan al-Majid, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein. The campaign's name was taken from the title of the eighth chapter of the Qur'an (al-ʾanfāl).
In 1993, Human Rights Watch released a report on the Anfal campaign based on documents captured by Kurdish rebels during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq; HRW described it as a genocide and estimated between 50,000 and 100,000 deaths. This characterization of the Anfal campaign was disputed by a 2007 Hague court ruling, which stated that the evidences from the documents were not sufficient to establish the charge of genocide.[b] Although many Iraqi Arabs reject that there were any mass killings of Kurdish civilians during Anfal,[4] the event is an important element constituting Kurdish national identity.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
^Hiltermann 2008, Victims.
^Kirmanj & Rafaat 2021, p. 163.
^Beeston, Richard (18 January 2010). "Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore". The Times. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
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