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Andrew S. Gibbons is an American practitioner and theorist in the field of instructional design and technology. He has proposed an architectural theory of instructional design[1] influenced by the structural principles of artifact modularization drawn from a number of design disciplines, as exemplified by the work of Carliss Baldwin and Kim B. Clark.[2]
Gibbons' work departs from earlier work in learning design, which has historically been based on identification of design processes. Architectural design concentrates on the abstract inner architecture of the entity being designed. This architectural approach purports to make possible more nuanced and innovative designs. An architectural approach is considered by Gibbons to be essential in the design of adaptive learning experiences, including both those delivered by automated systems and those delivered by live teachers or a combination of live and automated means.
In another departure from the standard approach, rather than beginning with the assumption of a formal design process, the architectural approach assumes that the sequencing of design decisions should be controlled by recognition of the beginning constraints given with the design problem and then by the successive placement of additional constraints through design decision making.[3]
Gibbons' philosophy of design emphasizes functional rather than physical characteristics of the entity under design. This architectural theory of design identifies at least seven functional areas of designed learning artifacts, including but not limited to provision of content, execution of strategy, formation of messages, creation of representations, provision of user controls, data management and execution of media logic. Design oscillates between functional area design and whole-design integration. The seven functional areas are termed "layers", a term borrowed from Stewart Brand in his description of the functional areas of a building's design.[4]
Layers define functional modules whose design can be approached semi-independently in the same manner as the functional modules of computers or other complex systems. Modular design assumes the involvement of specialists such as artists, writers, and design psychologists early, in the creative phases of design. The revision and expansion of designs becomes less disruptive because foundational interests and decisions are separated from the less foundational, the ornamental, and the derivative ones.
^Gibbons, A. S. & Rogers, P. C. (2009). "The architecture of instructional theory" in C. M. Reigeluth & A. Carr-Chellman (eds.), "Instructional-design theories and models", volume III. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. - Gibbons, A. S. (2014). An architectural approach to instructional design. New York: Routledge.
^Baldwin and Clark (2000), Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
^Gross, M., Ervin, M. Anderson, J., and Fleisher, A. (1987). "Designing with constraints" in Y. E. Kalay (ed.), Computability of design. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
^Brand, S. (1994). How buildings learn: What happens after they're built. New York: Viking Press.
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(1989) Gibbons 2003, p. 13. Gibbons 2003, p. 11. Gibbons 2003, p. 37. Gibbons 2003, p. 30. Gibbons 2003, p. 16. Gibbons 2003, p. 28. Gibbons 2003, p...
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