For other people named Alexander Fleming, see Alexander Fleming (disambiguation).
Sir
Alexander Fleming
FRS FRSE FRCS
Fleming in his laboratory, c. 1943
Born
(1881-08-06)6 August 1881
Darvel, Ayrshire, Scotland
Died
11 March 1955(1955-03-11) (aged 73)
London, England
Resting place
St Paul's Cathedral
Alma mater
Royal Polytechnic Institution
St Mary's Hospital Medical School
Known for
Discovery of penicillin and lysozyme
Spouses
Sarah Marion McElroy
(m. 1915; died 1949)
Amalia Koutsouri-Vourekas
(m. 1953)
Awards
FRS (1943)[1]
Knight Bachelor (1944)
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh (1945)
Nobel Prize (1945)[2]
FRSE
FRCS(Eng)
Scientific career
Fields
Bacteriology
immunology
Signature
Sir Alexander FlemingFRS FRSE FRCS[1] (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the "single greatest victory ever achieved over disease".[3][4] For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.[5][6][7]
He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus.
Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944.[8] In 1999, he was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100 Greatest Britons, and in 2009, he was also voted third "greatest Scot" in an opinion poll conducted by STV, behind only Robert Burns and William Wallace.
^ abColebrook, L. (1956). "Alexander Fleming 1881–1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2: 117–126. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1956.0008. JSTOR 769479. S2CID 71887808.
^Cite error: The named reference NobelPrizeBio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Ligon, B. Lee (2004). "Sir Alexander Fleming: Scottish researcher who discovered penicillin". Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 15 (1): 58–64. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2004.02.002. PMID 15175996.
^"Alexander Fleming Biography". Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Foundation. 1945. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
^Hugh, T. B. (2002). "Howard Florey, Alexander Fleming and the fairy tale of penicillin". The Medical Journal of Australia. 177 (1): 52–53, author 53 53. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04643.x. PMID 12436980. S2CID 222048204.
^Cruickshank, Robert (1955). "Sir Alexander Fleming, F.R.S". Nature. 175 (4459): 355–6. Bibcode:1955Natur.175..663C. doi:10.1038/175663a0. PMC 1023893. PMID 13271592.
^McIntyre, N. (2007). "Sir Alexander Fleming". Journal of Medical Biography. 15 (4): 234. doi:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-72. PMID 18615899. S2CID 77187550.
Sir AlexanderFleming FRS FRSE FRCS (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's...
working at St Mary's Hospital in London in 1928, Scottish physician AlexanderFleming was the first to experimentally determine that a Penicillium mould...
August 1952 and she collaborated with Sir AlexanderFleming on several papers. She married Sir AlexanderFleming in 1953 after the death of his first wife...
was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist AlexanderFleming as a crude extract of P. rubens. Fleming's student Cecil George Paine was the first to successfully...
antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. AlexanderFleming (1881–1955) discovered modern day penicillin in 1928, the widespread...
working at St Mary's Hospital in London in 1928, Scottish physician AlexanderFleming was the first to experimentally determine that a Penicillium mould...
Robert AlexanderFleming FRSE (1862-1947) was a Scottish pathologist and medical author who served as President of the Royal College of Physicians of...
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commitment Scots had to education during the Scottish Enlightenment. AlexanderFleming is responsible for the discovery of the world's first broadly effective...
The Rev. Fleming Emory Alexander (April 14, 1888 – December 13, 1980) was a noted minister, businessman, and newspaper publisher. Alexander founded and...
the use of penicillin in the treatment of venereal disease with Sir AlexanderFleming in London. He was the father of television news journalist John Suchet...
Serendipaceratops Serendipity Sapphire Side effect Synchronicity "AlexanderFleming: Fleming's serendipitous discovery of penicillin changed the course of medicine...
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becomes Blyton's second husband. In July 2009 Lawson appeared as AlexanderFleming in a BBC Four drama called Breaking the Mould: The Story of Penicillin...
eating. Bellis, Mary (30 June 2017). "The History of Penicillin: AlexanderFleming, John Sheehan, Andrew J Moyer". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original...
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downsizing with Alexander Payne". The Guardian. November 6, 2014. Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 5, 2014). "Matt Damon To Star In Alexander Payne's 'Downsizing'"...
today. Penicillin, the first antibiotic, was discovered in 1929 when AlexanderFleming noticed that penicillium mold contaminating a bacterial culture in...
minister, son of Robert Fleming the elder Robert AlexanderFleming (1862–1947), Scottish pathologist and medical author Robert D. Fleming (1903–1994), Pennsylvania...
first two marriages to Ethel Fleming (1922–1961) and Jane Dobbins Green (1963–1968) ended in divorce. Kroc and Fleming met in 1919, soon fell in love...
Hinshelwood Rajiv Gandhi, 6th Prime Minister of India Abdus Salam Sir AlexanderFleming Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett Sir William Crookes Thomas Huxley...
school in Scotland, to have educated two Nobel Prize Laureates – Sir AlexanderFleming, discoverer of Penicillin, and The 1st Baron Boyd-Orr, for his scientific...
Berners-Lee Rachel Carson Albert Einstein Philo Farnsworth Enrico Fermi AlexanderFleming Sigmund Freud Robert H. Goddard Kurt Gödel Edwin Hubble John Maynard...
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