Global InformationAfrican American cinema information
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African American cinema is loosely classified as films made by, for, or about Black Americans.[1] Historically, African American films have been made with African-American casts and marketed to African-American audiences.[1] The production team and director were sometimes also African American.[2] More recently, Black films featuring multicultural casts aimed at multicultural audiences have also included American Blackness as an essential aspect of the storyline.[1][2][3]
Segregation, discrimination, issues of representation, derogatory stereotypes and tired tropes have dogged Black American cinema from the start of a century-plus history that roughly coincided with the century-plus history of American cinema.[4][5] From the very earliest days of moving pictures, major studios used Black actors to appeal to Black audiences while also often relegating them to bit parts, casting women as maids or nannies, and men as natives or servants[6] or either gender as a "magical negro," an update on the "noble savage."
Black filmmakers, producers, critics and others have resisted narrow archetypes and offensive representation in many ways. As early as 1909, Lester A. Walton the arts critic for New York Age was making sophisticated arguments against the objectification of Black bodies onscreen, pointing out that "anti-Negro propaganda strikes at the very roots of the fundamental principles of democracy."[7] Noting the educational impact film could have, he also argued that it could be used to "emancipate the white American from his peculiar ideas," which were "hurtful to both races."[7]
The "race films" of 1915 to the mid-1950s followed a similar spirit of "racial uplift" and educational "counter-programing" with an eye to combating the racism of the Jim Crow south.[8] That sensibility shifted markedly in the 1960s and '70s. Although Blaxploitation films continued to include stereotypical characters, they were also praised for portraying Black people as the heroes and subjects of their own stories.[9]
The first Black actor cast in a leading role that was not explicitly written for a Black actor was likely 1968's Night of the Living Dead, in which Duane Jones was cast as Ben by Director George A. Romero; the casting was potentially controversial at the time, when it was rare for a black man to be cast as the hero of an American film primarily composed of white actors, but Romero said that Jones performed the best in his audition.[10]
By the 1980s, auteurs like Spike Lee and John Singleton created nuanced depictions of Black lives, which led the way for later filmmakers like Jordan Peele and Ava DuVernay to use a range of genres (horror, history, documentary, fantasy) to explore Black lives from multiple perspectives. Ryan Coogler's 2018 blockbuster superhero film Black Panther has also been widely praised for creating a fully realized Afrocentric urban utopia of Black people that include a foundation myth, a legendary hero and takes "utter delight in its African-ness."[11]
- ^ a b c Johnson, Allan (October 19, 2005). "How do you define a 'black' movie". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
- ^ a b Abuku, NeNé (October 5, 2011). "What is Black Cinema? Have You Ever Wondered?". Grandmother Africa. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ Burton, Nsenga (February 3, 2010). "Celebrating 100 Years of Black Cinema". The Root. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ Field, Allyson Nadia (March 3, 2020). "Black Cinema at Its Birth". The Criterion Collection.
- ^ Hayward, Susan (April 18, 2006). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-20891-3.
- ^ "Black voices in silent cinema | Sight & Sound". BFI.
- ^ a b Everett, Anna (2000). "Lester Walton's "Écriture Noir": Black Spectatorial Transcodings of "Cinematic Excess"". Cinema Journal. 39 (3): 30–50. doi:10.1353/cj.2000.0008. ISSN 0009-7101. JSTOR 1225532. S2CID 194100364.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:6was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Blaxploitation | The Museum Of UnCut Funk". museumofuncutfunk.com. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ Jones, Alan (2005). The Rough Guide to Horror Movies. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-843-53521-8.
- ^ Barber, Nicholas. "Black Panther: The most radical Hollywood blockbuster ever?". BBC. Retrieved March 6, 2021.