The actinophryids are an order of heliozoa, a polyphyletic array of stramenopiles, having a close relationship with pedinellids and Ciliophrys. They are common in fresh water and occasionally found in marine and soil habitats. Actinophryids are unicellular and roughly spherical in shape, with many axopodia that radiate outward from the cell body. Axopodia are a type of pseudopodia that are supported by hundreds of microtubules arranged in interlocking spirals and forming a needle-like internal structure or axoneme. Small granules, extrusomes, that lie under the membrane of the body and axopodia capture flagellates, ciliates and small metazoa that make contact with the arms.[2][3]
^Cite error: The named reference CavSmith2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Suzaki, T.; Shigenaka, Y.; Watanabe, S.; Toyohara, A. (1980). "Food capture and ingestion in the large heliozoan, Echinosphaerium nucleofilum". Journal of Cell Science. 42: 61–79. doi:10.1242/jcs.42.1.61. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 7400244.
^Ando, Motonori; Shigenaka, Yoshinobu (1989). "Structure and function of the cytoskeleton in heliozoa: I. Mechanism of rapid axopodial contraction in Echinosphaerium". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 14 (2): 288–301. doi:10.1002/cm.970140214.
The actinophryids are an order of heliozoa, a polyphyletic array of stramenopiles, having a close relationship with pedinellids and Ciliophrys. They are...
and rhizochromulinid algae, actinomonad heterotrophic flagellates and actinophryid heliozoa. Alternative classifications treat the dictyochophytes as heterokont...
related proteromonad flagellates (all endobionts in other organisms); the actinophryid heliozoa, and oomycetes. The tripartite hairs characteristic of the group...
not the collar flagellates, opalines, oomycete fungi, proteromonads, actinophryid heliozoa, and other heterotrophic flagellates and is referred to as the...
layer is often assumed to have a protective role. In some, such as the actinophryid heliozoa, the scales only form when the organism encysts. The bodies...
protists. The phagotrophic groups are known as Raphopoda, and comprise actinophryid heliozoa and the marine genus Commation. The photosynthetic groups are...
algae and kelp; and heterotrophs such as water moulds, opalinids, and actinophryid heliozoa. The classification of this area of protists is still unsettled...
phylogenetic analyses. However, a recent phylogenomic study places one actinophryid, Actinophrys sol, as the probable sister group to ochrophytes. Although...
Patterson, David J. (2001). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids" (PDF). Acta Protozoologica. 40: 3–25. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble...
and golden algae, and non-photosynthetic groups such as opalinids, actinophryid "heliozoans", and oomycetes. The species is found primarily in coastal...
surface, and the flagellum is curled up into a tight figure eight. The actinophryids, Actinophrys and Actinosphaerium, exist only in a heliozoan form with...
It is classified within a monotypic family Helioraphidae inside the actinophryids, a group of heliozoa that belong to the Ochrophyta along with other...
species in the Commatiida, an order of stramenopiles closely related to actinophryids, a group of heliozoan protists, and to raphidophytes, a group of algae...
Patterson, David J. (2001). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. III. Actinophryids" (PDF). Acta Protozoologica. 40: 3–25. Gast, R.J. (2017). "Centrohelida...
is a genus of marine heterotrophic protists closely related to the actinophryids. It contains two species, Commation cryoporinum and Commation eposianum...
revealed that the heliozoa was composed of seven types of organisms: actinophryids, centrohelids, ciliophryids, desmothoracids, dimporphids, gymnosphaerids...
species in the Commatiida, an order of stramenopiles closely related to actinophryids, a group of heliozoan protists, and to raphidophytes, a group of algae...
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