Abortion in Egypt is prohibited by Articles 260–264 of the Penal Code of 1937.[1][2] However, under Article 61 of the Penal Code, exceptions may be granted in cases of necessity, which has typically been interpreted to permit an abortion necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman. In some cases, this exception has been extended to cases where the pregnancy poses dangers to the pregnant woman's health, and to cases of foetal impairment.[3] A physician can only perform an abortion in such cases when two specialists approve, unless the woman's life is in imminent danger.[4]
Any person who induces an abortion may be imprisoned, and physicians who do so may be sentenced to prison. Convictions are uncommon, because the prosecution must prove that the woman was pregnant and the means by which the pregnancy was interrupted.[3][1]
In 1998, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, the Grand Imam of al-Azhar, issued a fatwa calling for access to abortion for unmarried women who had been raped. In 2004, he approved a draft bill that would permit abortion in the case of rape; the bill was unsuccessful.[5]
Due to these legal restrictions, unsafe abortions in Egypt are common; carried out by indigenous methods, at clandestine clinics, or by private gynecologists.[6] One study found that about 20% of obstetric hospital admissions were for post-abortion treatment. Another study estimated that between 1995 and 2000, there were 2,542 maternal deaths in the country due to unsafe abortions.[5] Consequently, prevalence is hard to assess. In a 2000 study of 1,025 women from six villages in Upper Egypt, approximately 40% were found to have had at least one abortion; among this group, there were 265 abortions per 1000 live births.[7]
^ ab"EGYPT. Penal Code of 31 July 1937". Harvard School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^Atighetchi, Dariusch (2007). Islamic bioethics: problems and perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9781402049613. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ ab"Egypt". Abortion Policies: A Global Review(DOC). Vol. 2. United Nations Population Division. 2002. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^"EGYPT. Code of Ethics, Regulation No. 238 of 21 March 2003 of the Ministry of Health and Population". Harvard School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^ abHessini, Leila (May 2007). "Abortion and Islam: Policies and Practice in the Middle East and North Africa". Reproductive Health Matters. 15 (29): 75–84. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(06)29279-6. PMID 17512379.
^Lane, Sandra D.; Jok, Jok Madut; El-Mouelhy, Mawaheb T. (October 1998). "Buying safety: The economics of reproductive risk and abortion in Egypt". Social Science & Medicine. 47 (8): 1089–1099. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00129-4. PMID 9723854.
^Yassin, KM (July 2000). "Incidence and socioeconomic determinants of abortion in rural Upper Egypt". Public Health. 114 (4): 269–272. doi:10.1016/s0033-3506(00)00343-7. PMID 10962589.
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