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The 850s decade ran from January 1, 850, to December 31, 859.
Events
850
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- February 1 – King Ramiro I dies in his palace at Santa María del Naranco (near Oviedo), after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Ordoño I, as ruler of Asturias.
- Danish Viking raiders, led by King Rorik, conquer Dorestad[1] and Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands). Emperor Lothair I recognizes him as ruler of most of Friesland.
- King Louis II, the eldest son of Lothair I, is crowned joint emperor by Pope Leo IV at Rome, and becomes co-ruler of the Middle Frankish Kingdom.
Britain[edit]
- King Kenneth I (also called Kenneth MacAlpin) of Alba (modern Scotland) invades Northern Northumbria during the period of 850–858, burning Dunbar and Melrose.
- The Pillar of Eliseg is erected by King Cyngen ap Cadell of Powys (Wales), as a memorial to his great-grandfather Elisedd ap Gwylog (or Eliseg) (approximate date).
Japan[edit]
- May 6 – Emperor Ninmyō dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Montoku, as the 55th emperor of Japan.
India[edit]
- It is hypothesized that sometime around 850 a group of Buddhist pilgrims travelling through a valley near Roopkund (modern India) were killed when caught out in the open in a sudden hailstorm. Their remains were discovered in 1942.
Mesoamerica[edit]
- Uxmal becomes the capital of a large state in the Puuk hills region of northern Yucatán (modern Mexico). The city is connected by causeways (sakbe) to other important Puuk sites, such as K'abah, Sayil, and Labna (approximate date).
By topic[edit]
Food and Drink[edit]
- Coffee is discovered (according to legend) by the Ethiopian goatherder Kaldi in East Africa, who notices that his goats become energetic after chewing the red berries from certain wild bushes (approximate date).
Religion[edit]
- April 22 – Gunther becomes archbishop of Cologne (modern Germany).
- June 18 – Perfecto, a Christian priest in Muslim Córdoba, is executed (beheaded) after he refuses to retract critical comments he made about Muhammad.
851
By place[edit]
Asia[edit]
- Bagrat II Bagratuni, Armenian prince and leader of a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, is captured by the Abbasid army, and brought to the caliphal capital of Samarra.[2][3]
Britain[edit]
- Danish Viking raiders enter the Thames Estuary, and plunder Canterbury and London. They land at Wembury near Plymouth, but are defeated by Anglo-Saxon forces led by King Ethelwulf of Wessex. His eldest son Æthelstan of Kent, accompanied by Ealdorman Ealhhere, attacks a Viking fleet off the coast at Sandwich, and captures nine of the enemy vessels while the remainder flees.[4]
China[edit]
- Suleiman al-Tajir, Muslim merchant and traveller, visits China during the Tang Dynasty. He observes the manufacturing of Chinese porcelain at Guangzhou, and writes of his admiration for its transparent quality. Suleiman also describes the mosque at Guangzhou, its granaries, its local government administration, some of its written records, and the treatment of travellers, along with the use of ceramics, rice wine, and tea (approximate date).
Europe[edit]
- August 22 – Battle of Jengland: Duke Erispoe takes command of the Breton forces after his father Nominoe, king of Brittany, dies. He continues an offensive against the Franks in alliance with Lambert II of Nantes. In Ille-et-Vilaine near Grand-Fougeray (Brittany), Erispoe defeats a Frankish-Saxon army (4,000 men) led by King Charles the Bald.[5]
- Treaty of Angers: Charles the Bald meets Erispoe in Angers, and acknowledges him as "king of Brittany". He recognizes the authority of Breton rule over the areas around Nantes, Rennes and Pays de Retz, which become part of the Breton March, a border zone. Erispoe takes the oath to Charles as king of the West Frankish Kingdom (but not an hommage lige which would be an allegiance). To mark the sovereignty of the Breton state, the future Dukes of Brittany are crowned as "Duke, king in their lands".[6]
- September – King Pepin II of Aquitaine is captured by the forces of Count Sans II Sancion, and handed over to Charles the Bald. He is detained in the monastery of Saint Medard in Soissons.[7]
- Emperor Lothair I meets with his (half) brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald in Meerssen (modern-day Netherlands), to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
- King Íñigo Arista of Pamplona dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his son García Íñiguez, as king of Pamplona (later Navarra).
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- The Great Mosque of Samarra (modern Iraq) is completed during the reign of Caliph Al-Mutawakkil.
852
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- March 4 – Trpimir I, duke (knez) of Croatia, and founder of the Trpimirović dynasty, issues a first state document in Bijaći of all Slavonic peoples. In this Latin document Trpimir refers to himself as the "duke of the Croats" (dux Chroatorum), and to his country as the "state of the Croats" (regnum Chroatorum).
- Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 23-year reign in which the Bulgarians have expanded into Upper Macedonia and Serbia. He is succeeded by his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria.
- Emperor Lothair I and his (half) brother Charles the Bald join forces to remove the Vikings from the island of Oscelles, in the River Seine. After this fails, Charles again pays them tribute (Danegeld).
Britain[edit]
- A Viking fleet of 350 vessels enters the Thames Estuary before turning north, and engages the Mercian forces under King Beorhtwulf. The Mercians are defeated, and retreat to their settlements. The Vikings then turn south and cross the river somewhere in Surrey; there they are slaughtered by a West Saxon army, led by King Æthelwulf and his son Aethelbald, at Oak Field (Aclea).[8]
- King Æthelstan, the eldest son of Æthelwulf, is killed by a Viking raiding party. He is succeeded by his brother Æthelberht, who becomes sub-king of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex (approximate date).
- Beorhtwulf dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Burgred as king of Mercia.
Al-Andalus[edit]
- Abd al-Rahman II, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 30-year reign in which he has made additions to the Mosque–Cathedral at Córdoba. He is succeeded by his son Muhammad I, who will put down several revolts of the Muwalladun and Mozarabs in Muslim controlled areas in al-Andalus (modern Spain).
By topic[edit]
Aviation[edit]
- According to a 17th century account, the Andalusian inventor Abbas ibn Firnas makes a tower jump in Córdoba. He wraps himself with vulture feathers and attaches two wings to his arms. The alleged attempt to fly is not recorded in earlier sources and is ultimately unsuccessful, but the garment slows his fall enough that he only sustains minor injuries.
Religion[edit]
- Gandersheim Abbey in Lower Saxony (modern Germany) is founded by Duke Liudolf of Saxony.
853
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for the Emirate of Crete are captured.[9]
Europe[edit]
- Danish Vikings attempt to subjugate the Curonians on the shoreline of the Baltic Sea, but they are repulsed. King Olof leads Swedish Vikings in retaliation, and attacks the towns of Seeburg and Apuolė (modern Courland).
- Viking marauders in Gaul sail eastward from Nantes without opposition, and reach Tours. The monasteries at Saint-Florent-le-Vieil and Marmoutier are ravaged.
- King Charles the Bald bribes Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, to form an alliance against his brother Louis the German, with Rastislav of Moravia.[10]
- Gauzbert, count of Maine, is killed during an ambush by citizens of Nantes, in revenge for the death of Lambert II.[11]
Britain[edit]
- King Burgred of Mercia appeals to Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons, for help against the rebellious Welsh king Rhodri the Great. Æthelwulf agrees to send help, and Wales is subdued as far north as Anglesey.[12]
- Burgred (who inherited his crown last year)[clarification needed] marries Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith, during a ceremony at the royal estate at Chippenham.[12]
China[edit]
- Tuan Ch'eng-Shih, Chinese author and scholar during the Tang Dynasty, publishes Miscellaneous Offerings from Yu-yang.
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- The Fraumünster Church in Zürich (modern Switzerland) is founded by Louis the German.
854
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- Emperor Lothair I meets his (half) brothers (Louis the German and Charles the Bald) in Attigny, Ardennes for the third time, to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
- Viking chieftains Rorik and Godfrid Haraldsson return to Denmark, to gain power after the death of King Horik I. During a civil war, they are forced to go back to Friesland.[13]
- The German city of Ulm is first mentioned, in a document by Louis the German. [14]
- Croatian–Bulgarian battle: Bulgarian Khan (later Knyaz) Boris I,[15] attacks the Duchy of Littoral Croatia, ruled by Duke Trpimir I during the First Croatian-Bulgarian War. It is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border[16] in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of the warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty.[17]
Britain[edit]
- King Æthelwulf of Wessex sends his two youngest sons, Alfred and Æthelred, on a pilgrimage to Rome.[18]
- King Æthelweard of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old son Edmund ("the Martyr").[19]
- King Cyngen of Powys makes the first pilgrimage to Rome of a Welsh ruler.
- Viking chieftain Ubba winters in Milford Haven (Wales) with 23 ships.[20]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- Eardulf becomes bishop of Lindisfarne, after the death of Eanbert.
855
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- November 20 – Theoktistos, co-regent of the Empire on behalf of 15-year old Emperor Michael III, is murdered on the orders of Michael.
Central Europe[edit]
- September 29 – Emperor Lothair I dies after a 15-year reign (co-ruling with his father Louis the Pious until 840). He divides the Middle Frankish Kingdom between his three sons in an agreement called the Treaty of Prüm—the eldest, Louis II, receives the northern half of Italy and the title of Holy Roman Emperor. The second, Lothair II, receives Lotharingia (the Low Countries and Upper Burgundy). The youngest, Charles, receives Lower Burgundy and Provence.
Britain[edit]
- Spring – King Æthelwulf of Wessex decides to go on a pilgrimage to Rome, accompanied by his youngest son Alfred (age 6) and a large retinue.[21] He divides the kingdom between his two eldest sons; Æthelbald receives the western part of Wessex, while Æthelberht becomes ruler over Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex.[22]
Abbasid Caliphate[edit]
- Caliph al-Mutawakkil sends an Abbasid army, led by the Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebellious Armenian nakharars. He subdues the country, and deports many Armenian nobles to the caliphal capital of Samarra.[23]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- July 17 – Pope Leo IV dies after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by Benedict III as the 104th pope of Rome. Anastasius is made anti-pope by Lothair I.
- Æthelwulf grants churches in Wessex the right to receive tithes. He gives one-tenth of his lands to the Church.[24]
- The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius.
856
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- March 15 – Emperor Michael III overthrows the regency of his mother Theodora. He appoints his uncle Bardas as the de facto regent and co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire.[25]
Europe[edit]
- King Charles the Bald cedes the county of Maine to Erispoe, ruler (duke) of Brittany—this in return for an alliance against the Vikings.
- King Ordoño I of Asturias is said to have begun the repopulation of the town of León in the northwest of Spain (approximate date).
Britain[edit]
- October 1 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-old Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, at Verberie (Northern France). She is crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom.[26]
- Winter – Æthelwulf returns to Wessex to face a revolt by his eldest son Æthelbald, who usurps the throne. Æthelwulf agrees to give up the western part of his kingdom, in order to avoid a civil war. He keeps control over Sussex, Surrey, Essex and Kent, over which Prince Æthelberht has presided.[27]
By topic[edit]
Geology[edit]
- November (approximate date) – An earthquake in Corinth, Greece kills an estimated 45,000 people.
- December 3 – Another earthquake strikes the Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Tunisia), also killing an estimated 45,000 people.
- December 22 – Another earthquake strikes Damghan (modern-day Iran), killing an estimated 200,000 people.
857
By place[edit]
Byzantine Empire[edit]
- Emperor Michael III, under the influence of his uncle Bardas, banishes his mother Theodora to the Gastria Monastery. Bardas, the de facto regent, becomes the most powerful person in the Byzantine Empire.[25]
Europe[edit]
- November – Erispoe, ruler (duke) of Brittany, is assassinated by his cousin Salomon and followers, in the church at Talensac. King Charles the Bald acknowledges Salomon as the rightful 'king' of Brittany.
- A Danish Viking fleet raids the cities of Dorestad, Paris and Orléans. Others sail up the Oise River, ravaging Beauvais and the abbey of Saint-Germer-de-Fly (approximate date).
- Viking chieftain Rorik, with the agreement of King Lothair II, leaves Dorestad with a fleet and forces his rival Horik II to recognise him as ruler over Denmark (approximate date).
By topic[edit]
Medicine[edit]
- The first recorded major outbreak of ergotism kills thousands of people in the Rhine Valley. They have eaten bread made from rye infected with the ergot fungus parasite Claviceps purpurea (approximate date).
858
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- Summer – King Louis the German, summoned by the disaffected Frankish nobles, invades the West Frankish Kingdom and secures Aquitaine for his nephew Pepin II ("the Younger"). King Charles the Bald flees to Burgundy; he is saved by the help of the bishops, and by the fidelity of the family of the Welfs, who are related to Judith (second wife of former emperor Louis the Pious).[28]
- Viking raiders, led by Björn Ironside, set fire to the earliest church on the site of Chartres Cathedral. Charles the Bald pays him tribute (Danegeld) to save Verberie (Northern France).
Britain[edit]
- January 13 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex dies after an 18-year reign, and is succeeded by his eldest son Æthelbald. He marries his father's young widow Judith (daughter of Charles the Bald), and becomes sole ruler of Wessex. His brother, Æthelberht, is left to rule Kent and the south-east of England.
- February 13 – King Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Scots, dies after a 15-year reign in which he has been crowned at Scone, and united the various parts of Scotland with his native Dál Riata. His 46-year-old brother succeeds as Donald I, king of Alba.
Asia[edit]
- October 7 – Emperor Montoku dies after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Seiwa as the 56th emperor of Japan, with Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (Seiwa's grandfather) governing as regent and great minister of the Council of State.[29]
- An enormous flood along the Grand Canal inundates thousands of acres of farmland and kills tens of thousands of people in the North China Plain.[30]
By topic[edit]
Religion[edit]
- April 17 – Pope Benedict III dies after a 3-year reign, in which he has intervened in a political conflict between the sons of Emperor Lothair I. He is succeeded by Nicholas I, as the 105th pope of Rome.
- Synod of Quierzy: The bishops remain loyal to Charles the Bald during the invasion of his dominions by Louis the German.[31] They address a conciliatory letter to Louis the German, which includes the False Decretals.
- October 23 – Ignatios I, patriarch of Constantinople, is imprisoned by orders of Emperor Michael III, and replaced by the layman Photius I.
859
By place[edit]
Europe[edit]
- January 15 – Battle of St. Quentin: Frankish forces, led by Humfrid, defeat King Louis the German at Saint-Quentin (Northern France). Humfrid is enfeoffed with the County of Autun, and appointed Margrave of Burgundy, by King Charles the Bald.
- Summer – The Viking chieftains Hastein and Björn Ironside (a son of Ragnar Lodbrok) begin an expedition, and sail from the Loire River with a fleet of 62 ships, to raid cities and monasteries in the Mediterranean Sea.[32]
- Viking raiders invade the Kingdom of Pamplona (Western Pyrenees), and capture King García Íñiguez I, somewhere in the Andalusian heartland. They extort a ransom, rising to around 70,000 gold dinars.[33]
- The Russian city of Novgorod is first mentioned in the Sofia Chronicles.
- Winter – The weather is so severe that the Adriatic Sea freezes, and Italy is covered in snow for 100 days.[34]
Iberian Peninsula[edit]
- Battle of Albelda: King Ordoño I of Asturias, and his ally García Íñiguez I, defeat the Muslims under Musa ibn Musa al-Qasawi at Albelda.
- Viking raiders burn the mosques of Seville and Algeciras in al-Andalus (modern Spain).[35]
Africa[edit]
- The University of Al Karaouine is founded in Fes (modern Morocco), by Fatima al-Fihri (recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest university in the world).
China[edit]
- September 7 – Emperor Xuān Zong (Li Yi) dies after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son Yi Zong, as ruler of the Tang dynasty.
Syria[edit]
- 859 Syrian coast earthquake. It affected the Mediterranean coast of Syria[36] It caused almost the complete destruction of Latakia and Jableh, major damage at Antioch and led to many deaths.[37]
- ^ Roberts, Wilmer Lynn (1963). Roman and Frankish Government in the Low Countries, 57 B.C. - 925 A.D. University of California. p. 247.
- ^ Laurent 1919, pp. 117–118, 122.
- ^ Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Paul Hill (2009): The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5.
- ^ Smith, Julia M. H. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians. Cambridge University Press: 1992.
- ^ Annales Bertiniani.
- ^ Higounet, 39 n57.
- ^ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5
- ^ Bury 1912, pp. 292–293.
- ^ Goldberg 2006, p. 242.
- ^ Chronique de Saint-Maixent, p. 59. "Gaubert, comte du Maine tomba dans une embuscade des Nantais et fut tué".
- ^ a b Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, p. 15. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5.
- ^ Norsemen in the Low Countries: Extracts from the Annales Bertiniani, 855 entry Archived June 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Zeit.de: Das Alter der Städte
- ^ "Boris I". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2021-11-13.
- ^ Fine, John van Antwerp (13 November 2021). The Early Medieval Balkans, page 112. The University of Michigan Press, 1983. ISBN 978-0472081493.
- ^ Deliso, Christopher (13 November 2021). The History of Croatia and Slovenia, page 46. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2020, Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 9781440873232.
- ^ ASC 854 - English translation at Project Gutenberg
- ^ Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, p. 161.
- ^ Milford Haven Town Council website History, Chronology of Events Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Abels 1998, p. 72.
- ^ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, p. 17. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5
- ^ Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, pp. 83–86.
- ^ Stevenson 1904, p. 186.
- ^ a b Treadgold 1997, pp. 450–451.
- ^ Paul Hill (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great, p. 18. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5.
- ^ Keynes 1998, p. 7; Abels 2002, p. 89.
- ^ Charles the Bald - NNDB.com - English translation Charles the Bald [1]
- ^ Varley, p. 166.
- ^ Bowman, p. 105.
- ^ Eleanor Shipley Duckett, Carolingian Portraits: A Study in the Ninth Century, U. Mich. Press, 1989, p. 216.
- ^ Haywood, John (1995). The Historical Atlas of the Vikings, pp. 58–59. Penguin Books: ISBN 0-14-051328-0
- ^ Martínez Díez 2007, p. 25.
- ^ Yanko-Hombach, Valentina (2006). The Black Sea Flood Question. Springer. p. 638. ISBN 1402047746.
- ^ Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 85. ISBN 2-02-012935-3.
- ^ Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation of seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 500 to 1000 A.D.". Annals of Geophysics. 33 (1). doi:10.4401/ag-4701.
- ^ Ambraseys, N. (2009). Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900 (First ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-1-316-34785-0.