Fleet: 12 ships rising to 120 ships (23 October)[10] Troops: 500 (October) rising to 8,000 (November)[11]
Casualties and losses
6 ships captured, 400 captured[12][10] Storms 22 ships sunk or destroyed 1,000 dead[9] Total: 28 ships,[13] 1,500 killed or captured[14][10]
1 bark sunk[15] Low
v
t
e
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Caribbean and South America
San Juan de Ulúa
Drake's 1572-73 expedition
Drake's circumnavigation
São Vicente
Santo Domingo
Cartagena
St. Augustine
Cavendish's circumnavigation
Spanish West Indies
Havana
Hispaniola · Bay of Honduras
1st Puerto Caballos
San Mateo
Recife
Trinidad · Orinoco
La Guaira · Caracas · Coro
Guadalupe
1st San Juan
Panama
Pinos
2nd San Juan
Tabasco
Portobello
2nd Puerto Caballos
Santiago de Cuba
Atlantic
Vila Franca do Campo
Terceira
Newfoundland
Bermuda
Santiago
1st Azores
1st Flores
2nd Flores
Faial
Las Palmas
2nd Azores
European waters
Scheldt
Pantelleria
1st Cádiz ·Algarve
Spanish Armada (1st Calais · Gravelines)
English Armada (Corunna · Lisbon)
Bayona
1st Gibraltar Strait
2nd Gibraltar Strait
Berlengas
Gulf of Almería
Barbary Coast
Bay of Biscay
Mount's Bay
Cawsand
2nd Cádiz
Cape Finisterre
Cornwall · West Wales
Sesimbra
Dover Strait
Gulf of Cádiz
Low Countries and Germany
Mons
Goes
Middelburg
Haarlem
1st Geertruidenberg
Leiden
Delft
Valkenburg
Schoonhoven
Gembloux
Rijmenam
Borgerhout
Mechelen
1st Steenwijk
Kollum
Noordhorn
Niezijl
Lochem
Lier
Eindhoven
Steenbergen
Aalst
Antwerp
Arnhem
1st Grave
Venlo
Axel
1st Rheinberg
1st Zutphen
1st Sluis
Bergen op Zoom
2nd Geertruidenberg
Breda
2nd Zutphen
Deventer
Delfzijl
Knodsenburg
1st Hulst
Nijmegen
2nd Steenwijk
1st Coevorden
3rd Geertruidenberg
2nd Coevorden
Groningen
Huy
1st Groenlo
Lippe
2nd Hulst
Turnhout
2nd Rheinberg
Meurs
2nd Groenlo
Bredevoort
Enschede
Ootmarsum
Oldenzaal
Lingen
Schenckenschans
Zaltbommel
Rees
San Andreas
Nieuwpoort
3rd Rheinberg · 2nd Meurs
Ostend
's-Hertogenbosch
2nd Grave
Hoogstraten
Ardenburg · Oostberg · 2nd Sluis
France
Arques
Ivry
Paris
Château-Laudran
Rouen
Caudebec
Craon
Blaye
Morlaix
Crozon
2nd Calais
Amiens
Ireland
Carrigafoyle
Smerwick
Irish West Coast
Kinsale
Castlehaven
The 3rd Spanish Armada, also known as the Spanish Armada of 1597, was involved in a major naval event that took place between 18 October and 15 November 1597 as part of the Anglo–Spanish War.[16][17] The attack of the armada, which was the third attempt by Spain to invade or raid the British Isles during the war, was ordered by King Philip II of Spain in revenge for the English attack on Cadiz following the failure of the 2nd Spanish Armada the previous year due to a storm.[18] The Armada was executed by the Adelantado, Martín de Padilla, who was hoping to intercept and destroy the English fleet under Robert Devereux the 2nd Earl of Essex as it returned from the failed Azores expedition.[19][20] When this was achieved, the Armada would go on to capture either the important port of Falmouth or Milford Haven and use those places as a base for invasion.[21]
When the Spanish arrived in the English Channel, however, they were dispersed by a storm which scattered their fleet.[22] Even so, some ships did push on and even landed troops on the English and Welsh coasts.[23] The returning English fleet, which had been scattered by the same storm, were unaware that the Spanish had come to intercept them, and arrived safely in England with the loss of only one ship.[24][17] Padilla finally ordered a retreat back to Spain.[25][26] The returning English ships captured a number of Spanish ships, from which valuable information was obtained about the Armada.[26][27] Panic in England then ensued, partly because the English fleet had been out to sea with the English coast virtually undefended.[9] This caused the relationship between Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Earl of Essex[4] to deteriorate further and Charles Howard, the 1st Earl of Nottingham, took over from Essex as commander of the English fleet. Howard immediately sent the fleet out to hunt the Spanish, most of whom had arrived back at port.[28] Any remaining Spanish ships were rounded up and captured along with their soldiers and crew.[12][26][29] Philip took much of the blame for the failure by the Armada commanders, particularly Padilla.[25][30] The Armada was the last of its kind that the Spanish would execute under Philip II before his death.[3]
^Wilson p. 162
^Tenace, Edward (2003). "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony". English Historical Review. Oxford Journals. 118 (478): 882. doi:10.1093/ehr/118.478.855.
^ abCruz p. 143
^ abHume p. 256
^ abWernham pp. 184–185
^Tenace pp. 869–872
^Ward, Adolphus William (1905). The Cambridge modern history Volume 3. p. 529. OCLC 502479358.
^Bardon p. 158
^ abcBicheno p. 293
^ abcDarby, Graham (1997). "Spanish Armada of 1597?". The Historian (53–60): 50–52.
^Roberts, R. A. "Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, Volume 7: 1597". Sir George Carew to Robert Cecil. University of London & History of Parliament Trust.
^ abWernham pp. 188–189
^Glete pp. 162–163
^Hume pp. 262–263
^Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, Volume 7: November 1597, 16–30 (Cecil Papers ed.). 1899. pp. 483–500.
^Simpson p. 37
^ abGraham pp. 212–213
^Nelson p. 205
^McCoog pp. 400–401
^Kamen pp. 308–309
^Polwhele, Richard (1806). The Civil and Military History of Cornwall; with Illustrations from Devonshire. The British Library: Cadell and Davies. p. 80.
^Elton p. 383
^Taunton p. 191
^MacCaffrey p. 130
^ abInnes p. 387
^ abcSchomberg, Isaac (1802). Naval Chronology, Or an Historical Summary of Naval and Maritime Events from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace 1802: With an Appendix, Volume 1. pp. 32–33.
^Roberts, Richard Arthur; Salisbury, Edward; Giuseppi, Montague Spencer, eds. (1899). Calendar of the manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Salisbury Volume VII. H.M.S.O. pp. 485–487.
^Publications of the Navy Records Society, Volume 23. Navy Records Society. 1902. p. 73.
^Thackeray/Findling p. 235
^Hammer (2003) pp. 309–310
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