3 Vulpeculae information

3 Vulpeculae
	; A light curve for V377 Vulpeculae, plotted from TESS data
Observation data; Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0
Constellation	Vulpecula
Right ascension	19h 22m 50.8856s
Declination	+26° 15′ 44.667″
Apparent magnitude (V)	5.18
Characteristics
Spectral type	B6 III
B−V color index	−0.119±0.001
Variable type	SPB
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	−14.1±1.1 km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 0.922(124) mas/yr ; Dec.: −10.270(163) mas/yr
Parallax (π)	8.9071 ± 0.1685 mas
Distance	366 ± 7 ly ; (112 ± 2 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)	−0.17
Orbit
Period (P)	367.7
Eccentricity (e)	0.15
Semi-amplitude (K1); (primary)	6.8 km/s
Details
A
Mass	4.16 M☉
Luminosity	286+64; −52 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.30 cgs
Temperature	14,343 K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)	15.5 km/s
B
Mass	0.6 - 1.1 M☉
Age	25 Myr
Other designations
	3 Vul, V377 Vulpeculae, BD+25°3811, GC 26748, HD 182255, HIP 95260, HR 7358, SAO 87136
Database references
SIMBAD	data

3 Vulpeculae (abbreviated 3 Vul) is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula,^[9] located around 366 light years away from the Sun.^[2] 3 Vulpeculae is its Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.18.^[3]

3 Vul has been nicknamed "the Observer's Nightmare" (or its Latin free translation, "Spectatori Error Inextricabilis") by some astronomers^[10]^[5] because it is difficult to study as its orbital period is close to a year, and additionally it is pulsating with a period close to a day.^[5] From a twenty-year spectroscopic study, Hube and Aikman established a 367-day orbital period, and noted the presence of non-radial pulsations in the primary star. From sparse photometry, the authors also established the star's light variability. They suggested that the primary is a member of the 53 Persei class of variable stars.^[11] Such stars are now collectively known by the term slowly pulsating B-type stars. Its photometric variation led to a variable star designation, as V377 Vulpeculae, but the non-reproducibility of the light curve made determination of the pulsation period elusive.

Continuous monitoring of the star by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite has revealed a beat-period phenomenon in the light curve, which causes the luminosity variations to fluctuate in amplitude. The pulsations are non-radial, that is, the star's photosphere varies in shape rather than volume; different parts of the star are expanding and contracting simultaneously. These gravity waves, or g-mode waves, can be indicative of the interior structure of the star.^{[citation needed]}

The primary member, designated component A, is a most likely a B-type main-sequence star^[7] with a stellar classification of B6 III.^[4] The star has 4.16^[5] times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 286^[7] times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 14,343 K.^[5] The secondary has an estimated 0.6–1.1 solar masses.^[5]

^ Cite error: The named reference MAST was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cite error: The named reference Gaia DR3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012). "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation". Astronomy Letters. 38 (5): 331. arXiv:1108.4971. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. S2CID 119257644.
^ ^a ^b Cucchiaro, A.; Macau-Hercot, D.; Jaschek, M.; Jaschek, C. (1977). "Spectral classification from the ultraviolet line features of S2/68 spectra. II - Late B-type stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 30: 71. Bibcode:1977A&AS...30...71C.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Dukes, Robert; Kubinec, William; Kubinec, Angela; Adelman, Saul (2003). "A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of 3 Vulpeculae: An Observer's Nightmare". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (1): 370. Bibcode:2003AJ....126..370D. doi:10.1086/375463.
^ Samus, N. N.; et al. (2017). "General Catalogue of Variable Stars". Astronomy Reports. 5.1. 61 (1): 80–88. Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. S2CID 125853869.
^ ^a ^b ^c Walczak, P.; et al. (December 2012). "Constraints on stellar parameters of the slowly pulsating B star HD 182255 from complex asteroseismology". Astronomische Nachrichten. 333 (10): 1065. arXiv:1212.4643. Bibcode:2012AN....333.1065W. doi:10.1002/asna.201211824. S2CID 116926922.
^ Zverko, J.; Romanyuk, I.; Iliev, I.; Kudryavtsev, D.; Stateva, I.; Semenko, E. (April 2016). "Stars with discrepant v sin i as derived from the Ca II λ3933 Å and Mg II λ4481 Å lines. V. HD 182255 and HD 214923—SPB stars in binary systems". Astrophysical Bulletin. 71 (2): 199–207. Bibcode:2016AstBu..71..199Z. doi:10.1134/S1990341316020073. S2CID 124871780.
^ ^a ^b "3 Vul". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
^ Kaler, Jim. "3 Vul". Retrieved 2016-08-09.
^ Hube, Douglas P.; Aikman, G. C. L. (1991). "3 Vulpeculae: A non-radial pulsator in a one-year binary system". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 103 (659): 49–62. Bibcode:1991PASP..103...49H. doi:10.1086/132794.

[MAST-1] Cite error: The named reference MAST was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Gaia_DR3-2] Cite error: The named reference Gaia DR3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Anderson2012-3] Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012). "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation". Astronomy Letters. 38 (5): 331. arXiv:1108.4971. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. S2CID 119257644.

[Cucchiaro1977-4] Cucchiaro, A.; Macau-Hercot, D.; Jaschek, M.; Jaschek, C. (1977). "Spectral classification from the ultraviolet line features of S2/68 spectra. II - Late B-type stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 30: 71. Bibcode:1977A&AS...30...71C.

[dukes-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Dukes, Robert; Kubinec, William; Kubinec, Angela; Adelman, Saul (2003). "A Photometric and Spectroscopic Study of 3 Vulpeculae: An Observer's Nightmare". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (1): 370. Bibcode:2003AJ....126..370D. doi:10.1086/375463.

[Samus2017-6] Samus, N. N.; et al. (2017). "General Catalogue of Variable Stars". Astronomy Reports. 5.1. 61 (1): 80–88. Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. S2CID 125853869.

[Walczak2012-7] Walczak, P.; et al. (December 2012). "Constraints on stellar parameters of the slowly pulsating B star HD 182255 from complex asteroseismology". Astronomische Nachrichten. 333 (10): 1065. arXiv:1212.4643. Bibcode:2012AN....333.1065W. doi:10.1002/asna.201211824. S2CID 116926922.

[Zverko2016-8] Zverko, J.; Romanyuk, I.; Iliev, I.; Kudryavtsev, D.; Stateva, I.; Semenko, E. (April 2016). "Stars with discrepant v sin i as derived from the Ca II λ3933 Å and Mg II λ4481 Å lines. V. HD 182255 and HD 214923—SPB stars in binary systems". Astrophysical Bulletin. 71 (2): 199–207. Bibcode:2016AstBu..71..199Z. doi:10.1134/S1990341316020073. S2CID 124871780.

[SIMBAD-9] "3 Vul". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2019-03-13.

[kaler-10] Kaler, Jim. "3 Vul". Retrieved 2016-08-09.

[hube1991-11] Hube, Douglas P.; Aikman, G. C. L. (1991). "3 Vulpeculae: A non-radial pulsator in a one-year binary system". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 103 (659): 49–62. Bibcode:1991PASP..103...49H. doi:10.1086/132794.

Observation data Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0
A light curve for V377 Vulpeculae, plotted from TESS data^[1]
Constellation	Vulpecula
Right ascension	19^h 22^m 50.8856^s^[2]
Declination	+26° 15′ 44.667″^[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)	5.18^[3]
Characteristics
Spectral type	B6 III^[4]
B−V color index	−0.119±0.001^[3]
Variable type	SPB^[5]^[6]
Astrometry

Radial velocity (R_v)	−14.1±1.1^[3] km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 0.922(124) mas/yr^[2] Dec.: −10.270(163) mas/yr^[2]
Parallax (π)	8.9071 ± 0.1685 mas^[2]
Distance	366 ± 7 ly (112 ± 2 pc)
Absolute magnitude (M_V)	−0.17^[3]

Orbit^[5]
Period (P)	367.7
Eccentricity (e)	0.15
Semi-amplitude (K₁) (primary)	6.8 km/s
Details
A
Mass	4.16^[5] `M`_☉
Luminosity	286+64 −52^[7] `L`_☉
Surface gravity (log g)	4.30^[5] cgs
Temperature	14,343^[5] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)	15.5^[8] km/s
B
Mass	0.6 - 1.1^[5] `M`_☉
Age	25^[5] Myr
Other designations
3 Vul, V377 Vulpeculae, BD+25°3811, GC 26748, HD 182255, HIP 95260, HR 7358, SAO 87136^[9]
Database references
SIMBAD	data

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