Series of cyberattacks which began on 27 April 2007
Beginning on 27 April 2007, a series of cyberattacks targeted websites of Estonian organizations, including Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, amid the country's disagreement with Russia about the relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, an elaborate Soviet-era grave marker, as well as war graves in Tallinn.[1][2]
Most of the attacks that had any influence on the general public were distributed denial of service type attacks ranging from single individuals using various methods like ping floods to expensive rentals of botnets usually used for spam distribution. Spamming of bigger news portals commentaries and defacements including that of the Estonian Reform Party website also occurred.[3] Research has also shown that large conflicts took place to edit the English-language version of the Bronze Soldier's Wikipedia page.[4]
Some observers reckoned that the onslaught on Estonia was of a sophistication not seen before. The case is studied intensively by many countries and military planners as, at the time it occurred, it may have been the second-largest instance of state-sponsored cyberwarfare, following Titan Rain.[5]
As of January 2008, one ethnic-Russian Estonian national had been charged and convicted.[6]
During a panel discussion on cyber warfare, Sergei Markov of the Russian State Duma has stated his unnamed aide was responsible in orchestrating the cyber attacks. Markov alleged the aide acted on his own while residing in an unrecognised republic of the former Soviet Union, possibly Transnistria.[7] On 10 March 2009 Konstantin Goloskokov, a "commissar" of the Kremlin-backed youth group Nashi, has claimed responsibility for the attack.[8] Experts are critical of these varying claims of responsibility.[9] The direct result of the cyberattacks was the creation of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence in Tallinn, Estonia.
^Ian Traynor (17 May 2007). "Russia accused of unleashing cyberwar to disable Estonia". The Guardian.
^"War in the fifth domain. Are the mouse and keyboard the new weapons of conflict?". The Economist. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
^"Estonia fines man for 'cyber war'". BBC. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2008.
^Graham, Mark; Zook, Matthew; Boulton, Andrew (10 August 2012). "Augmented reality in urban places: contested content and the duplicity of code". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 38 (3): 464–479. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00539.x. ISSN 0020-2754.
^"Cyberwarfare is becoming scarier". The Economist. 24 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
^"Estonia fines man for 'cyber war'". BBC News. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
^Robert Coalson (6 March 2009). "Behind The Estonia Cyberattacks". Radio Free Europe.
^"Kremlin-backed group behind Estonia cyber blitz". Financial Times. 11 March 2009.
^"Authoritatively, Who Was Behind The Estonian Attacks?". 17 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009.
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