Global Information1991 information
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| 1991 by topic |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1991 MCMXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2744 |
| Armenian calendar | 1440 ԹՎ ՌՆԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6741 |
| Baháʼí calendar | 147–148 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1912–1913 |
| Bengali calendar | 1398 |
| Berber calendar | 2941 |
| British Regnal year | 39 Eliz. 2 – 40 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2535 |
| Burmese calendar | 1353 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7499–7500 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚午年 (Metal Horse) 4688 or 4481 — to — 辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4689 or 4482 |
| Coptic calendar | 1707–1708 |
| Discordian calendar | 3157 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1983–1984 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5751–5752 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2047–2048 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1912–1913 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5091–5092 |
| Holocene calendar | 11991 |
| Igbo calendar | 991–992 |
| Iranian calendar | 1369–1370 |
| Islamic calendar | 1411–1412 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 3 (平成３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1923–1924 |
| Juche calendar | 80 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4324 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 80 民國80年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 523 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2534 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金马年 (male Iron-Horse) 2117 or 1736 or 964 — to — 阴金羊年 (female Iron-Goat) 2118 or 1737 or 965 |
| Unix time | 662688000 – 694223999 |
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1991st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 991st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1990s decade.
It was the final year of the Cold War, which had begun in 1947. During the year, the Soviet Union collapsed, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the CIS in its place. In July 1991, India abandoned its policies of dirigism, license raj and autarky and began extensive liberalisation to its economy. This increased GDP but also increased income inequality over the next two decades.[1] A UN-authorized coalition force from 34 nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait in the previous year, 1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade.
In the context of the apartheid, the year after the liberation of political prisoner Nelson Mandela, the Parliament of South Africa repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950, overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid.[2]
The year 1991 saw the rise of a ten-year-long boost of the US domestic economy with the Dow Jones Industrial Average remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time.[3] This situation would only be cut short by the Dot-com bubble of 2000–2002.
In August, the World Wide Web, originally conceived during the previous year, was released outside CERN to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that lead to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoing globalization around the globe.
In terms of popular culture, during this year alternative rock saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of the virtually unknown grunge sound were released, including the influential Nevermind album by Seattle-based band Nirvana in September 1991.[4] It was also in 1991 that hip-hop music reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success.[5] Electronic music derivative forms were also starting to gain momentum and would define, alone with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade.
- ^ "India's economy: One more push". The Economist. July 21, 2011. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
- ^ Kraft, Scott (18 June 1991). "S. Africa Repeals Apartheid Basis". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Paltrow, Scot J. (18 April 1991). "Dow's Close Tops 3,000 Barrier for First Time : Stocks: The index had passed the mark on other days, but retreated before the end of tradings". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ^ Cameron, Keith (2011-06-11). "Nirvana kill hair metal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ Thompson, Derek (2015-05-08). "1991: The Most Important Year in Pop-Music History". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-14.