In the 1990s in Angola, the last decade of the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), the Angolan government transitioned from a nominally communist state to a nominally democratic one, a move made possible by political changes abroad and military victories at home. Namibia's declaration of independence, internationally recognized on April 1, eliminated the southwestern front of combat as South African forces withdrew to the east.[1] The MPLA abolished the one-party system in June and rejected Marxist-Leninism at the MPLA's third Congress in December, formally changing the party's name from the MPLA-PT to the MPLA.[2] The National Assembly passed law 12/91 in May 1991, coinciding with the withdrawal of the last Cuban troops, defining Angola as a "democratic state based on the rule of law" with a multi-party system.[3]
Observers met such changes with skepticism. American journalist Karl Maier wrote, "In the new Angola, ideology is being replaced by the bottom line, as security and selling expertise in weaponry have become a very profitable business.[4] Michael Johns, The Heritage Foundation's primary Reagan Doctrine advocate and a key Savimbi advisor, described the Soviet Union and Cuba's diplomatic initiatives as "a perilous moment" and urged the U.S. to maintain military pressure on Angola's government through escalated support to UNITA in an effort to ensure the withdrawal of Soviet and Cuban troops and the establishment of free and fair elections.[5]
^Chapman, Graham; Kathleen M. Baker (2003). The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East. p. 21.
^Walker, John Frederick (2004). A Certain Curve of Horn: The Hundred-Year Quest for the Giant Sable Antelope of Angola. p. 190.
^Hodges, Tony (2001). Angola. p. 11.
^Huband, Mark (2001). The Skull Beneath the Skin: Africa After the Cold War. Avalon. pp. 46. ISBN 978-0-8133-3598-8.
^""Angola at the Crossroads," Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #210, November 17, 1988". Archived from the original on 2008-11-05. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
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of Angola Literature of Angola Music of Angola Television inAngola Sports inAngolaAngola at the Olympics Basketball inAngola Football inAngola Angola...
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Guinea-Bissau. This was followed in 1975 by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angolain Africa and the declaration of...
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