Fighting between Israeli and PLO forces in Lebanon
1982 Lebanon War
Part of the Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon and the Israeli–Lebanese conflict
Top: Israeli troops invading Lebanon, 1982 Bottom: A map of the military situation in Lebanon in 1983
Map legend
Controlled by the Lebanese Front and allied militias
Controlled by the Syrian Army
Controlled by the Israeli Defense Forces
Administered by the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFL)
Date
6 June 1982 – 5 June 1985 (main phase June–September 1982)
Location
Southern Lebanon
Result
Inconclusive
Territorial changes
Self-proclaimed Free Lebanon State slowly transforms into South Lebanon Security Zone
Belligerents
Israel
Lebanese Front
Phalange
al-Tanzim
Free Lebanon Army
PLO
Syria
Jammoul
Amal
Others
LCP
Al-Mourabitoun
Islamic Amal
Arab Socialist Action Party
ASALA
Al-Tawhid
PKK[1][2][3]
Commanders and leaders
Israel:
Menachem Begin (Prime Minister)
Ariel Sharon (Ministry of Defence)
Rafael Eitan (Army Chief of Staff)
David Ivry (Israeli Air Force)
Ze'ev Almog (Israeli Sea Corps)
Yekutiel Adam † (Deputy Chief of Staff)
Phalange:
Bachir Gemayel †
Fadi Frem
Elie Hobeika
Al-Tanzim:
Fawzi Mahfuz
SLA:
Saad Haddad
PLO:
Yasser Arafat (Chairman of the PLO)
Saad Sayel † (Fatah Military Chief of Staff)
Syria:
Hafez al-Assad (President)
Mustafa Tlass (Minister of Defense)
LCP:
George Hawi
Elias Atallah
Al-Mourabitoun:
Ibrahim Kulaylat
Amal:
Nabih Berri
ASALA:
Monte Melkonian
PKK:
Mahsum Korkmaz
Others:
Muhsin Ibrahim
Abbas al-Musawi
Ragheb Harb
Murat Karayılan
Inaam Raad
Said Shaaban
Strength
Israel:
78,000 troops
800 tanks
1,500 APCs
634 aircraft
LF:
30,000 troops
SLA:
5,000 troops
97 tanks
Syria:
22,000 troops
352 tanks
300 APCs
450 aircraft
300 artillery pieces
100 anti-aircraft guns
125 SAM batteries
PLO:
15,000 troops
80 tanks
150 APCs
350+ artillery pieces
250+ anti-aircraft guns
Casualties and losses
Israel:
654 killed and 3,887 wounded (1982–85)[4][5]
4 missing
12 captured
1 aircraft lost
2 helicopters lost
PLO:
1,000–2,400 killed[6][7]
6,000 captured[8]
Syria:
1,200 killed
296 captured
300–350 tanks lost
150 APCs lost
c. 100 artillery pieces lost
82–86 aircraft lost
12 helicopters lost
29 SAM missile batteries lost[9]
Total Lebanese: 19,085 killed and 30,000 wounded.[10] Civilians at Sabra-Shatila massacre: 800-3,500 killed.[10]
Also see Casualties below.
v
t
e
1982 Lebanon War
1982
Beaufort
Jezzine
Mole Cricket 19
Sultan Yacoub
Beirut
Bhamdoun
Operation Épaulard I
Sabra and Shatila
Wimpy Operation
1st Tyre
1983
2nd Tyre
1984
Sohmor
1985
Iron Fist
Maarakeh
Zrarieh
v
t
e
Lebanese Civil War
First phase: 1975–1977
Bus massacre
Black Thursday
Hotels
ASALA insurgency
Black Saturday
Karantina
Damour
1976 Syrian intervention
Tel al-Zaatar
Chekka
Aishiyeh
Second phase: 1977–1982
Chouf
St George's Church attack
Hundred Days' War
Litani
Kaukaba
Ehden
Qaa
Qnat
At Tiri
Safra
Zahleh
1981 Israeli bombing
Iraqi Embassy bombing
Third phase: 1982–1984
1982 Beirut bombing
1982 Lebanon War
1982 Iranian diplomats kidnapping
Assassination of Bachir Gemayel
Sabra and Shatila
U.S. Embassy bombing
Barracks bombings
Mountain War
Tripoli
February 6 Intifada
1984 Sohmor massacre
Fourth phase: 1984–1990
U.S. embassy annex bombing
War of the Camps
1985 Beirut bombings
LF coup
Assassination of Rashid Karami
War of Brothers
War of Elimination
War of Liberation
Dahr al-Wahsh massacre
Assassination of René Moawad
Sidon
Cantons and puppet states
East Beirut canton
People's Republic of Tyre
Northern Canton
Civil Administration of the Mountain
State of Free Lebanon
South Lebanon security belt
administration
The 1982 Lebanon War began on 6 June 1982, when Israel invaded southern Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the Israeli military that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border.[11][12][13] The military operation was launched after gunmen from the Abu Nidal Organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed Abu Nidal's enemy, the PLO, for the incident,[14][15] and used the incident as a casus belli for the invasion.[16][17][i]
After attacking the PLO – as well as Syrian, leftist, and Muslim Lebanese forces – the Israeli military, in cooperation with their Maronite allies and the self-styled Free Lebanon State, occupied southern Lebanon, eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the Syrian Army. Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy Israeli bombardment, the PLO forces and their allies negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of United States Special Envoy Philip Habib and the protection of international peacekeepers. The PLO, under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat, had relocated its headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982. By expelling the PLO, removing Syrian influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by President Bachir Gemayel, Israel hoped to sign a treaty which Begin promised would give Israel "forty years of peace".[18]
Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. Outrage following the IDF's role in the Israeli-backed, Phalangist-perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Shias, as well as Israeli popular disillusionment with the war, led to a gradual Israeli withdrawal from Beirut to the areas claimed by the Free Lebanon State in southern Lebanon, later to become the South Lebanon security belt, which was initiated following the 17 May Agreement and Syria's change of attitude towards the PLO.
Despite the Israeli withdrawal to Southern Lebanon in 1985 being considered the end of the war, Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensity guerrilla war against the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, leading to 15 years of low-scale armed conflict, until Israel's final withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000.[19] Simultaneously, the War of the Camps broke out between Lebanese factions, the remains of the PLO and Syrian forces, in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies. The Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990, at which point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon.
^"In the Spotlight: PKK (A.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party". Cdi.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^"Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK". Xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^"a secret relationship". Niqash.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^Uri Ben-Eliezer, War over Peace: One Hundred Years of Israel's Militaristic Nationalism, University of California Press (2019)
^Gad Barzilai, Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East, State University of New York Press (1996)
^Gabriel, Richard, A, Operation Peace for Galilee, The Israeli-PLO War in Lebanon, New York: Hill & Wang. 1984, p. 164, 165, ISBN 978-0-8090-7454-9
^Cite error: The named reference payment was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Israeli General Says Mission Is to Smash P.L.O. in Beirut". The New York Times. 15 June 1982. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991
^ abCite error: The named reference Race was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. A Political, Social, and Military. ABC-CLIO. p. 623. ISBN 978-1-85109-841-5.
^Bickerton, Ian J. (2009). The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-86189-527-1.
^Martin, Gus (2013). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. Sage Publications. ISBN 978-1-4522-0582-3. The operation was called Operation Peace for Galilee and was launched in reply to ongoing PLO attacks from its Lebanese bases.
^[Ze'ev Schiff, Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, Simon and Schuster 1985 pp.98f:'Argov had been shot by an unusual weapon of Polish manufacture known as a WZ 63, . . Israeli intelligence knew that this late-model weapon had been supplied to Abu Nidal's organization but not yet to other terrorist groups. . . The key point that the intelligence officers wanted to convey to the Cabinet was that Abu Nidal's organization was an exception among the Palestinian terror groups. Once among Yasser Arafat's closest friends, Abu Nidal had over the years turned into the chairman's most vicious enemy . .Abu Nidal referred to Arafat contemptuously as "the Jewess's son" and had made repeated attempts on his life. Arafat, in return, had pronounced a death sentence on Abu Nidal.'
^Kai Bird, The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames, Random House 2014 p.288:'When Prime Minister Menachem Begin was told that the assassins were Abu Nidal's men -sworn enemies of Arafat and the PLO- he reportedly scoffed,"They're all PLO, Abu Nidal, Abu Shmidal- we have to strike at the PLO".'
^Kahalani, A Warriors Way, Shapolsky Publishers (1994) pp. 299–301
^Harvey W. Kushner, Encyclopedia of Terrorism Sage Publications (2003), p.13
^Friedman, p. 157
^Cite error: The named reference Morris was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-roman> tags or {{efn-lr}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-roman}} template or {{notelist-lr}} template (see the help page).
The 1982LebanonWar began on 6 June 1982, when Israel invaded southern Lebanon. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between...
The Lebanese Civil War (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975...
Civil War) 1978 South Lebanon conflict 1982LebanonWar (part of the Lebanese Civil War, also known as the First LebanonWar) Mountain War (Lebanon) 1983–1984...
the Lebanese Civil War in 1975. Fighting between the Palestinians and the Christian militias lasted until the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, which...
escalate into the 1982War. 1982LebanonWar (1982) – Began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces invaded southern Lebanon to expel the PLO from...
War (part of the Lebanese Civil War) War of the Camps (part of the Lebanese Civil War) 1982LebanonWar (part of the Lebanese Civil War) Cedar Revolution...
The 2006 LebanonWar, also called the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War and known in Lebanon as the July War (Arabic: حرب تموز, Ḥarb Tammūz) and in Israel as...
bolstered by the 1982LebanonWar. It came under increasing Israeli supervision following the collapse of the State of Free Lebanon in 1984 and subsequent...
from Lebanese territory by Palestinian militants, triggering the 1982LebanonWar. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and allied Christian Lebanese militias...
independence of a "Free Lebanon" out of the southernmost territory of Lebanon, amidst the hostilities of the Lebanese Civil War. Haddad was the founding...
the end of the 1958 crisis. Multinational Force in Lebanon Lebanese Civil War1982LebanonWar Foreign interventions by the United States United States...
to the 1982LebanonWar, Syria, with the help of the Soviet Union, had built up an overlapping network of surface-to-air missiles in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley...
Syrian occupation of Lebanon (Arabic: الاحتلال السوري للبنان) began in 1976, during the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, and ended on April...
of the Suez Canal Operation Peace for Galilee (1982) – Second large-scale Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Operation Mole Cricket 19 ("Arzav 19") – Israeli...
political party and former militia during the Lebanese Civil War. It currently holds 19 of the 128 seats in Lebanon's parliament and is therefore the largest...
the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and after the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. Following the 2006 LebanonWar, the United Nations Security...