The 1922 Bridgman Convention was a secret conclave of the underground Communist Party of America (CPA) held in August 1922 near the small town of Bridgman, Michigan, about 90 miles (140 km) outside of the city of Chicago on the banks of Lake Michigan. The convention, called by the CPA as its annual gathering for the election of officers and making of internal decisions, was attended by a delegate who was secretly an employee of the Bureau of Investigation, who informed his superiors of the date and general location of the gathering. The convention was raided by local and federal law enforcement authorities on August 22, 1922, and a number of participants and a large quantity of documents seized in an operation which garnered national headlines. Two 1923 test trials of the Michigan criminal syndicalism law resulted from the arrests, with trade union leader William Z. Foster freed by a "hung jury," while Communist Party leader C. E. Ruthenberg was convicted. Ruthenberg ultimately died of peritonitis in 1927, just after his appeals were exhausted and just before sentence was enforced. No additional trials associated with the 1922 Bridgman raid were conducted.
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The 1922BridgmanConvention was a secret conclave of the underground Communist Party of America (CPA) held in August 1922 near the small town of Bridgman...
starting date of all conventions up to 1951. 1922BridgmanConvention Communist Party USA United States presidential nominating convention List of presidential...
of communism," and a key player in the government raid on the 1922BridgmanConvention. Jacob Spolansky was born circa 1890 near Kyiv, Ukraine (then part...
of the rival United Communist Party. He attended the 1922BridgmanConvention. By the end of 1922, a single Workers Party of America had emerged. In 1928...
" Although this faction nominally won the day at the ill-fated 1922BridgmanConvention, assuring the preservation of the underground party, in actuality...
full-time. Ferguson worked on the cases associated with the raided 1922BridgmanConvention of the Communist Party and on criminal syndicalism cases in the...
organization formed in the aftermath of a government raid upon the 1922BridgmanConvention of the underground Communist Party of America. Hammersmark was...
underground form of political organization. In 1922, Zack went as a delegate to the 1922BridgmanConvention of the CPA, raided by police on August 22. Zack...
elected Executive Secretary of the CPA at the ill-fated August 1922BridgmanConvention of the CPA, while also sitting on the governing Central Executive...
the pseudonym "J. Mason," Bimba was a delegate to the ill-fated 1922BridgmanConvention of the Communist Party of America representing the party's Chicago...
A. M. Bridgman. Bridgman, Raymond L. (1923). The Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1917. Boston: The Author. Howard, Richard T. (1922). Public...
Constitutional Convention of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, MA: Wright & Potter printing co., state printers, 1919, pp. 7–8 Bridgman, Arthur Milnor...
Wounded", The New York Times, August 24, 1922, p. 1 "SMASH RADICAL NEST NEAR BRIDGMAN; 15 REDS SEIZED— Break Up Convention of 75 Communist Chieftains", St. Joseph...
the parties underground second convention in Bridgman, Michigan. Bail attended the third national convention of the Workers Party of America (Dec 30, 1923-Jan...
deportation. In August 1922 another legal crisis arose for the American Communist movement when its 1922 National Convention at Bridgman, Michigan was raided...
"Uprisings against the German/South African Colonial Power". klausdierks.com. Bridgman, Jon M. (1966) Revolt of the Hereros University of California Press. p...
corresponds to the angle for which s = r, thus 1 rad = 1." Bridgman, Percy Williams (1922). Dimensional analysis. New Haven : Yale University Press. Angular...
insistence of the Communist International by the time of the BridgmanConvention of August 1922 with its members rejoining the mainline Workers Party of America...
organizational marriage took place at a secret Joint Unity Convention held at Bridgman, Michigan in August 1922. The resulting organization, also organized along...
Boris Reinstein, Pepper attended the ill-fated August 1922convention of the CPA, held in Bridgman, Michigan, narrowly escaping from the clutches of the...
International Bureau of Weights and Measures 2019, p. 137. Bridgman, Percy Williams (1922). Dimensional analysis. New Haven : Yale University Press. Angular...
Life of the World: A Record of Adventure and Achievement By Howard Allen Bridgman page 112 A Collection of Confusable Phrases By Yuri Dolgopolov page 309...