British diplomatic ultimatum to Portugal regarding Portugal's claims in Africa
The Pink Map: areas in Africa claimed by Portugal before the Ultimatum.
The 1890 British Ultimatum was an ultimatum by the British government delivered on 11 January 1890 to the Kingdom of Portugal. Portugal had attempted to claim a large area of land between its colonies of Mozambique and Angola including most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia and a large part of Malawi, which had been included in Portugal's "Rose-coloured Map".[1] The ultimatum led to the withdrawal of Portuguese forces from areas which had been claimed by Portugal on the basis of Portuguese exploration in the era, but which Britain claimed on the basis of uti possidetis.
It has sometimes been claimed that the British government's objections arose because the Portuguese claims clashed with its aspirations to create a Cape to Cairo Railway, linking its colonies from the south of Africa to those in the north. This seems unlikely, as in 1890 Germany already controlled German East Africa, now Tanzania, and Sudan was independent under Muhammad Ahmad. Rather, the British government was pressed into taking action by Cecil Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company was founded in 1888 south of the Zambezi and the African Lakes Company and British missionaries to the north.[2]
Map showing incomplete British control of the Cape to Cairo route, 1913.
British colonies
Portuguese colonies
^Livermore, H.V. (1997). "Lord Salisbury's Ultimatum". British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report. 24: 151.
^M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p. 341. ISBN 1-85065-172-8.
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