← 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 → Presidential election year
Election day
November 2
Incumbent president
Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
Next Congress
47th
Presidential election
Partisan control
Republican hold
Popular vote margin
Republican +0.1%
Electoral vote
James A. Garfield (R)
214
Winfield Scott Hancock (D)
155
1880 presidential election results. Red denotes states won by Garfield, blue denotes states won by Hancock. Numbers indicate the electoral votes won by each candidate.
Senate elections
Overall control
Republican gain[3]
Seats contested
25 of 76 seats[1]
Net seat change
Republican +5[2]
House elections
Overall control
Republican gain
Seats contested
All 293 voting members
Net seat change
Republican +19[2]
1880 House of Representatives election results on election day. (The results in the black-majority SC-5 and MS-6 were contested and later awarded to Robert Smalls and John R. Lynch by the Republican-majority House.[4])
Democratic seat Republican seat
Independent seat
The 1880 United States elections occurred during the Third Party System, and elected the members of the 47th United States Congress. Republicans retained the presidency and took control of the House. An unclear partisan situation prevailed in the Senate. As the first presidential election after the end of Reconstruction, this election saw the first occurrence of the Democratic Party sweeping the Southern United States; the party would carry an overwhelming majority of Southern states well into the 20th century.
In the presidential election, Republican Representative James Garfield from Ohio defeated Democratic General Winfield Hancock.[5] Though Garfield won a clear majority of electoral votes, he won the popular vote by the smallest margin in history. Incumbent one-term Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes declined to seek re-election. Garfield emerged as the dark horse Republican nominee following the 1880 Republican National Convention, prevailing on the 36th ballot over former President Ulysses S. Grant, Maine Senator James G. Blaine, and Ohio Senator John Sherman. Hancock took the nomination at the 1880 Democratic National Convention on the second ballot, defeating Delaware Senator Thomas F. Bayard and several other candidates. Garfield was the first sitting member of Congress to be elected president, and remains the only sitting member of the House to win a presidential election.
Republicans picked up several seats in the House, taking a majority of the chamber for the first time since the 1874 elections.[6]
In the Senate, Republicans made small gains at the expense of the Democrats, but neither party had a majority due to the presence of an independent Senator and a Readjuster Senator.[7] The two parties ultimately agreed to share power.[8]
^Not counting special elections.
^ abCongressional seat gain figures only reflect the results of the regularly-scheduled elections, and do not take special elections into account, or elections later contested.
^Republicans gained a majority after the Senate elections, but lost it in September 1881 when Vice President Chester A. Arthur assumed the presidency. The two major parties shared power in the Senate for the remainder of the 47th Congress.
^"Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood: Elections".
^"1880 Presidential Election". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present". United States Senate. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^"The Great Senate Deadlock of 1881". Senate.gov. US Senate. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
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