1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus information
Sectarian conflict in the Ottoman Empire in what is now Syria and Lebanon (1860)
1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
The ruins of the Christian quarter of Damascus in 1860
Date
23 May – 11 July 1860
Location
Mount Lebanon, Beqaa Valley, Galilee and Damascus, Ottoman Empire
Result
Initial Druze military victory
Massacres of Christians in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
French military intervention
Belligerents
Maronites and allies
Rural Maronite militiamen
Zahalni militiamen
Shihab dynasty
Supported by:
French expeditionary forces
Rural Druze clans
Abu Nakad clan
Imad clan
Talhuq clan
Jumblatt clan
Supported by:
al-Atrash clan
Harfush clan
Rural Sunni and Shia Muslim militiamen
Sardiyah tribe
Ottoman government
Commanders and leaders
Youssef Bey Karam
Tanyus Shahin
Yusuf al-Shantiri
Abdallah Abu Khatir
Yusuf al-Mubayyad
Abu Samra al-Ghanim
Sa'id Jumblatt
Khattar Imad
Ali Imad †
Qasim Imad
Bashir Nakad
Kenj Ahmad
Hasan Agha al-Tawil
Isma'il al-Atrash
Strength
c. 50,000 (claimed)
c. 12,000 (Druze)
Casualties and losses
Mount Lebanon: 12,000 Christians and Druze fighters and civilians killed (10,000 of which Christians)[1][2][3]
Damascus: 12,000 people, mostly Christian civilians, killed[1]
The 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus (also called the 1860 Syrian Civil War[4]) was a civil conflict in Mount Lebanon during Ottoman rule in 1860–1861 fought mainly between the local Druze and Christians. Following decisive Druze victories and massacres against the Christians, the conflict spilled over into other parts of Ottoman Syria, particularly Damascus, where thousands of Christian residents were killed by Muslim and Druze militiamen. The fighting precipitated a French-led international military intervention.[1]
^ abcFawaz, 1994, p. 226.
^Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (1995). Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris & Company. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-86064-028-5.
^"Lebanon - Religious Conflicts". 2016-11-03. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 2022-10-30.
^"The Civil War in Syria". The New York Times. 21 July 1860. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
and 26 Related for: 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus information
known as the "Maronite–Druze dualism". The 1860 Druze–Maronite conflict led to the establishment of MountLebanon Mutasarrifate, an autonomous entity within...
including 1860MountLebanoncivil war. Due to their turbulent history, the Maronites formed a secluded identity in the mountains and valleys of Lebanon, led...
The LebaneseCivil War (Arabic: الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975...
1925 and 1927, and would remain a prominent figure in Syrian politics, despite the utter defeat of the Druze War. 1860 Druze–Maronite conflict Adana...
during the 1860civilconflictinMountLebanonandDamascus, and under growing European pressure, mainly from France, an Ottoman edict issued in 1861 transformed...
Prophets") Sandra Mackey (16 March 2009). Mirror of the Arab World: LebanoninConflict (illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 28. ISBN 9780393333749...
War, CivilConflictinLebanonandDamascusin1860, Leila Tarazi Fawaz. ISBN 0-520-20086-1 Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings...
along with the 1860Lebanonconflict caused some of these texts to fall into the hands of academics. Other original manuscripts are held in the Robert Garrett...
Jabal al-Druze under the leadership of Sultan al-Atrash, and quickly spread to Damascusand other non-Druze areas outside the Jabal al-Druze region. Protests...
Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War 1860civilconflictinMountLebanonandDamascus Massacre of Aleppo (1850) Great Famine of MountLebanon (1915-1918)...
Asia to engage in interfaith dialogue with other religious groups. His quests eventually prompted his conversion to Christianity and later his conversion...
the 1860MountLebanoncivil war, during which around 10,000 Christians were killed by the Druze. Shortly afterwards, the Emirate of MountLebanon, which...
ruled MountLebanon from its conquest in 1516 until the end of World War I in 1918. The Ottoman sultan, Selim I (1516–20), invaded Syria andLebanonin 1516...
Global Information