This article is about the disease. For the virus, see West Nile virus.
Medical condition
West Nile fever
West Nile virus
Specialty
Infectious disease
Symptoms
None, fever, headache, vomiting or diarrhea and muscle aches rash[1]
Complications
Encephalitis, meningitis[1]
Usual onset
2 to 14 days after exposure[1]
Duration
Weeks to months[1]
Causes
West Nile virus spread by mosquito[1]
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms and blood tests[1]
Prevention
Reducing mosquitoes, preventing mosquito bites[1]
Treatment
Supportive care (pain medication)[1]
Prognosis
10% risk of death among those seriously affected[1]
West Nile fever is an infection by the West Nile virus, which is typically spread by mosquitoes.[1] In about 80% of infections people have few or no symptoms.[2] About 20% of people develop a fever, headache, vomiting, or a rash.[1] In less than 1% of people, encephalitis or meningitis occurs, with associated neck stiffness, confusion, or seizures.[1] Recovery may take weeks to months.[1] The risk of death among those in whom the nervous system is affected is about 10 percent.[1]
West Nile virus (WNV) is usually spread by mosquitoes that become infected when they feed on infected birds, which often carry the disease.[1] Rarely the virus is spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from mother to baby during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding,[1] but it otherwise does not spread directly between people.[3] Risks for severe disease include being over 60 years old and having other health problems.[1] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and blood tests.[1]
There is no human vaccine.[1] The best way to reduce the risk of infection is to avoid mosquito bites.[1] Mosquito populations may be reduced by eliminating standing pools of water, such as in old tires, buckets, gutters, and swimming pools.[1] When mosquitoes cannot be avoided, mosquito repellent, window screens, and mosquito nets reduce the likelihood of being bitten.[1][3] There is no specific treatment for the disease; pain medications may reduce symptoms.[1]
The virus was discovered in Uganda in 1937, and was first detected in North America in 1999.[1][3] WNV has occurred in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and North America.[1] In the United States thousands of cases are reported a year, with most occurring in August and September.[4] It can occur in outbreaks of disease.[3] Severe disease may also occur in horses, for which a vaccine is available.[3] A surveillance system in birds is useful for early detection of a potential human outbreak.[3]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy"General Questions About West Nile Virus". www.cdc.gov. 19 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
^"Symptoms, Diagnosis, & Treatment". www.cdc.gov. 15 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
^ abcdef"West Nile virus". World Health Organization. July 2011. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
^"Final Cumulative Maps and Data | West Nile Virus | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
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