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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia information


Operation Danube
Part of the Cold War, the Prague Spring, the Sino–Soviet split, the Albanian–Soviet split, the Romanian–Soviet split, the Yugoslav–Soviet split, and the protests of 1968

Photograph of a Soviet T-54 in Prague during the Warsaw Pact's occupation of Czechoslovakia
Date20–21 August 1968
Location
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Result

Warsaw Pact victory

  • Suppression of the reform process within the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ)
  • Moscow Protocol
  • The resignation of Alexander Dubček as First Secretary of the KSČ
  • The election of Gustáv Husák as the First Secretary of the KSČ and beginning of the "Normalization" era
  • Significant Soviet military presence in Czechoslovakia until 1991
  • Formal withdrawal of People's Republic of Albania from the Warsaw Pact in September 1968
Belligerents
Warsaw Pact:
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Poland
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Bulgaria
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Hungary
Logistics support:
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia East Germany[a]
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Supported by
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Albania
Commanders and leaders
Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev
Soviet Union Nikolai Podgorny
Soviet Union Alexei Kosygin
Soviet Union Andrei Grechko
Soviet Union Ivan Yakubovsky
Soviet Union Konstantin Provalov
Polish People's Republic Władysław Gomułka
Polish People's Republic Marian Spychalski
Polish People's Republic Józef Cyrankiewicz
Polish People's Republic Wojciech Jaruzelski
Polish People's Republic Bolesław Chocha [pl]
Polish People's Republic Florian Siwicki
People's Republic of Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov
People's Republic of Bulgaria Dobri Dzhurov
Hungarian People's Republic János Kádár
Hungarian People's Republic Lajos Czinege
East Germany Walter Ulbricht
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Alexander Dubček
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Ludvík Svoboda
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Oldřich Černík
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Martin Dzúr
Strength
Initial invasion:
250,000 (20 divisions)[1]
2,000 tanks[2]
800 aircraft
Peak strength:[citation needed]
350,000–400,000 Soviet troops, 70,000–80,000 from Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary[3]
6,300 tanks[4]
235,000 (18 divisions)[5][6]
2,500–3,000 tanks
Casualties and losses
Soviet Union 96 killed (84 in accidents)
87 wounded[7]
5 soldiers committed suicide[8]
Polish People's Republic 10 killed (in accidents and suicides)[9]
Hungarian People's Republic 4 killed (in accidents)
People's Republic of Bulgaria 2 killed
137 civilians and soldiers killed,[10] 500 seriously wounded[11]
70,000 Czechoslovak citizens fled to the West immediately after the invasion. Total number of emigrants before the Velvet Revolution reached 300,000.[12]

On 20–21 August 1968, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and the Hungarian People's Republic. The invasion stopped Alexander Dubček's Prague Spring liberalisation reforms and strengthened the authoritarian wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ).

About 250,000 Warsaw Pact troops (afterwards rising to about 500,000), supported by thousands of tanks and hundreds of aircraft, participated in the overnight operation, which was code-named Operation Danube. The Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania refused to participate,[13][14] while East German forces, except for a small number of specialists, were ordered by Moscow not to cross the Czechoslovak border just hours before the invasion[15] because of fears of greater resistance if German troops were involved, due to public perception of the previous German occupation three decades earlier.[16] 137 Czechoslovaks were killed[10] and 500 seriously wounded during the occupation.[11]

Public reaction to the invasion was widespread and divided, including within the communist world. Although the majority of the Warsaw Pact supported the invasion along with several other communist parties worldwide, Western nations, along with socialist countries such as Romania, and particularly the People's Republic of China and People's Republic of Albania condemned the attack. Many other communist parties also lost influence, denounced the USSR, or split up or dissolved due to conflicting opinions. The invasion started a series of events that would ultimately pressure Brezhnev to establish a state of détente with U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1972 just months after the latter's historic visit to the PRC.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ A Look Back ... The Prague Spring & the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia Archived 29 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference washpost was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference ency was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Invaze vojsk Varšavské smlouvy do Československa 21. srpna 1968. armyweb.cz. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.
  5. ^ Šatraj, Jaroslav. "Operace Dunaj a oběti na straně okupantů". Cтрановедение России (Reálie Ruska). Západočeská univerzita v Plzni. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  6. ^ Minařík, Pavel; Šrámek, Pavel. "Čs. armáda po roce 1945". Vojenstvi.cz. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  7. ^ "The Soviet War in Afghanistan: History and Harbinger of Future War". Ciaonet.org. 27 April 1978. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  8. ^ Jak zemřeli vojáci armád při invazi '68: Bulhara zastřelili Češi, Sověti umírali na silnicích. Hospodářské noviny IHNED.cz. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.
  9. ^ Skomra, Sławomir. "Brali udział w inwazji na Czechosłowację. Kombatanci?" (in Polish). Agora SA. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  10. ^ a b Fraňková, Ruth (18 August 2017). "Historians pin down number of 1968 invasion victims". radio.cz. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  11. ^ a b "August 1968 – Victims of the Occupation". ustrcr.cz. Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  12. ^ Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Archived 31 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. European Network Remembrance and Solidarity. Retrieved on 11 June 2016.
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Romania was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference Albania was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference ddr was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference nvatruppen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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