Vibrio cholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria.[1] The bacteria naturally live in brackish or saltwater where they attach themselves easily to the chitin-containing shells of crabs, shrimp, and other shellfish. Some strains of V. cholerae are pathogenic to humans and cause a deadly disease called cholera, which can be derived from the consumption of undercooked or raw marine life species or drinking contaminated water.[2]
V. cholerae was first described by Félix-Archimède Pouchet in 1849 as some kind of protozoa. Filippo Pacini correctly identified it as a bacterium and from him, the scientific name is adopted. The bacterium as the cause of cholera was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884. Sambhu Nath De isolated the cholera toxin and demonstrated the toxin as the cause of cholera in 1959.
The bacterium has a flagellum (a tail like structure)at one pole and several pili throughout its cell surface. It undergoes respiratory and fermentative metabolism. Two serogroups called O1[3] and O139[4] are responsible for cholera outbreaks. Infection is mainly through drinking contaminated water or ingestion of food contaminated with faecal matter from an infected person, therefore is linked to sanitation and hygiene. When ingested, it invades the intestinal mucosa which can cause diarrhea and vomiting in a host within several hours to 2–3 days of ingestion. Ringers lactate and Oral rehydration solution combined with antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines are the common treatment methods in severe cases.
V. cholerae has two circular DNA. One DNA produces the cholera toxin (CT), a protein that causes profuse, watery diarrhea (known as "rice-water stool").[5] But the DNA does not directly code for the toxin as the genes for cholera toxin are carried by CTXphi (CTXφ), a temperate bacteriophage (virus). The virus only produces the toxin when inserted into the bacterial DNA. Quorum sensing in V. cholerae is well studied[6] and it activates host immune signaling and prolongs host survival, by limiting the bacterial intake of nutrients, such as tryptophan, which further is converted to serotonin.[7] As such, quorum sensing allows a commensal interaction between host and pathogenic bacteria.[7]
Further information: Vibrio cholerae ToxT activated RNAs
^"Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae" (PDF). Centre for Disease Control. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
^Lutz, Carla; Erken, Martina; Noorian, Parisa; Sun, Shuyang; McDougald, Diane (2013). "Environmental reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence of Vibrio cholerae". Frontiers in Microbiology. 4: 375. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00375. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 3863721. PMID 24379807.
^NCBI: Vibrio cholerae O1 Archived 2022-05-07 at the Wayback Machine (serogroup)
^NCBI: Vibrio cholerae O139 Archived 2022-05-07 at the Wayback Machine (serogroup)
^Harris, Jason B.; LaRocque, Regina C.; Qadri, Firdausi; Ryan, Edward T.; Calderwood, Stephen B. (2012). "Cholera". Lancet. 379 (9835): 2466–2476. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X. PMC 3761070. PMID 22748592.
^Papenfort, Kai; Bassler, Bonnie L. (2016-08-11). "Quorum sensing signal–response systems in Gram-negative bacteria". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 14 (9): 576–588. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.89. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 5056591. PMID 27510864. Archived from the original on 2023-07-02. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
^ abJugder, Bat-Erdene; Batista, Juliana H.; Gibson, Jacob A.; Cunningham, Paul M.; Asara, John M.; Watnick, Paula I. (2022-09-20). "Vibrio cholerae high cell density quorum sensing activates the host intestinal innate immune response". Cell Reports. 40 (12): 111368. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111368. ISSN 2211-1247. PMC 9534793. PMID 36130487. S2CID 252413073.
Vibriocholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria. The bacteria naturally live in brackish or saltwater where...
states. Pathogenic Vibrio species include V. cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. V. cholerae is generally transmitted...
a particular strain of the bacterium Vibriocholerae, the causative agent of cholera. Also known as V. cholerae biotype eltor, it has been the dominant...
infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibriocholerae. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom...
Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (vibrio), pathogenic bacteria of the genus Vibrio. Present in marine environments...
CT) is an AB5 multimeric protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibriocholerae. CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic...
ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. Finkelstein RA (1996). "Cholera, Vibriocholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios.". In Baron S, et al. (eds.). Barron's Medical...
In molecular biology, Vibriocholerae ToxT activated RNAs are small RNAs which are produced by the bacterium Vibriocholerae. They are regulated by the...
within the cell. In Escherichia coli, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Vibriocholerae, TolC functions as the OMP in T1SS RTX toxin export. In each case,...
successfully demonstrated the method of transmission of cholera pathogen Vibriocholerae. Shambhu Nath De was born in Hooghly District, West Bengal, India....
of the first cholera vaccine, and identification of the bacterium Vibriocholerae by Filippo Pacini and Robert Koch. After a long hiatus, a seventh cholera...
leading to Robert Koch's 1884 confirmation of the bacterial species Vibriocholerae as the causative agent. In recognizing a biological origin, Snow recommended...
enzymes or toxins (such as cholera toxin in pathogenic bacteria e.g. Vibriocholerae) from across the interior (cytoplasm or cytosol) of a bacterial cell...
meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Vibriocholerae.[citation needed] Human microbiome project List of antibiotics Pathogenic...
did not identify the contaminant. Though Filippo Pacini had isolated Vibriocholerae as the causative agent for cholera that year, it would be many years...
persistent cholera outbreaks in the city. The cholera-causing bacterium Vibriocholerae was isolated in 1854, but the finding did not become well known and...
2020-08-01. Hugh, Rudolph (1965). "Nomenclature and taxonomy of Vibriocholerae Pacini 1854 and Vibrio eltor Pribam 1933". Public Health Service Publication. U...
(or exotoxin A) is an exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vibriocholerae produces a similar protein called the Cholix toxin (Q5EK40). It inhibits...
structure is derived from a protein (zonula occludens toxin) secreted by Vibriocholerae. It has the amino acid sequence GGVLVQPG, IUPAC condensed descriptor...
Dukoral vaccine, which combines formalin- and heat-killed whole cells of Vibriocholerae O1 and a recombinant cholera toxin B subunit, was licensed in 1991...
Her dissertation was about developing vaccines for new strains of Vibriocholerae involved in cholera epidemics across India and Bangladesh. She conducted...
mammalian analogue of zonula occludens toxin, secreted by cholera pathogen Vibriocholerae, zonulin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease...
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