Turkish gains (dark red) in the Treaty of Kars (1921)
Type
Peace Treaty
Signed
13 October 1921[1]
Location
Kars, Turkey
Condition
Ratification
Signatories
Grand National Assembly of Turkey[1]
Russian SFSR[1]
Armenian SSR[1]
Azerbaijan SSR[1]
Georgian SSR[1]
Languages
Russian, French[2]
The Treaty of Kars[a] was a treaty that established the borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian Soviet republics, which are now the independent republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.[3][4] The treaty was signed in the city of Kars on 13 October 1921.[1][2]
Signatories of the Treaty of Kars included representatives from the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which would declare the Republic of Turkey in 1923, and from the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics with the participation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The last four parties would become constituent parts of the Soviet Union after the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War and the December 1922 Union Treaty.[1][2]
The treaty was the successor treaty to the March 1921 Treaty of Moscow. Most of the territories ceded to Turkey in the treaty had previously been acquired by Imperial Russia from the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.[5] The only exception was the Surmali region, which had been part of the Erivan Khanate of Iran before it was annexed by Russia in the Treaty of Turkmenchay after the Russo-Persian War of 1826–28.[6]
^ abcdefgh(in Russian) Договор о дружбе между Армянской ССР, Азербайджанской ССР и Грузинской ССР, с одной стороны, и Турцией – с другой, Заключенный при участии РСФСР в Карсе Archived 24 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ abcEnglish Translation of Treaty of Friendship between Turkey, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic, and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Armenian News Network / Groong.
^Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0300153088.
^King, Charles (2008). The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0195177756.
^King, p. 153.
^Tsutsiev, pp. 14–15.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
The TreatyofKars was a treaty that established the borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian Soviet republics, which are now the independent...
Kars (Armenian: Կարս or Ղարս; Azerbaijani: Qars; Kurdish: Qers) is a city in northeast Turkey. It is the seat ofKars Province and Kars District. As of...
The Kars oblast was a province (oblast) of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire between 1878 and 1917. Its capital was the city ofKars, presently...
Making of National Identity, New York: Routledge, p. 110, ISBN 0-203-00493-0 Richard G. Hovannisian, The Contest for Kars (1914–1921), p. 316, Kars and Ani...
Adjarian ASSR. The autonomous status of Adjara is guaranteed under article 6 of the TreatyofKars. Adjara was a part of Georgian polities, Colchis and Caucasian...
and signed the Treatyof Alexandropol on November 2, 1920, renouncing its territorial integrity under the Sèvres Treaty. The TreatyofKars was negotiated...
partition Armenia with the Bolsheviks, resulting in the TreatyofKars (October 1921). The Western Front of the independence war is known as the Greco-Turkish...
Karabekir's forces launched a massive campaign on Kars. Rather than fighting for the city, the Armenians abandoned Kars which by October 30 came under full Turkish...
consequence of the TreatyofKars. The treaty marking the end of the Caucasus Campaign in World War I provided for the division of the former Batum Oblast of the...
Gough-Calthorpe occupied Kars on 19 April 1919, abolishing its parliament and arresting 30 members of its government. He placed Kars province under Armenian...
territorial status of Adjara was acknowledged as part of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet-Turkish TreatyofKars, signed on March 16...
in several areas of neighbouring Turkey. Adjarians converted to Islam during the Ottoman rule of Adjara. Under the 1921 TreatyofKars, Adjara was granted...
1920. This region was passed to Turkish control by the Treatyof Alexandropol and the TreatyofKars. Until 451: Aravand Vanandi[citation needed] 451: Tathul...
gained control of South West Africa Turkey: gained control of part of the Armenian Highlands from the Russian Empire in the TreatyofKars, while losing...
23 October, in the TreatyofKars. Article V of the treaty stated the following: The Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan...
Kars Republic was a short-lived nominally-independent provisional government based in Kars, northeastern Turkey. Born in the wake of the Armistice of...
Caucasus. The Treatyof Brest-Litovsk was signed on 3 March 1918 and the Ottoman army started to regain the lost territories, taking over Kars by 25 April...
signing of the Treatyof Alexandropol, the Armenian parliament never had the chance to ratify it. The TreatyofKars replaced the Treatyof Alexandropol...
republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the TreatyofKars. The previously independent Republic of Aras...
concessions by the Soviets to the Turkish National Government in the TreatyofKars. After the February Revolution that began in Russia in 1917, Georgia...
Global Information
