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Tigray War information


Tigray War
Part of the Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
Tigray War
Tigray War
Tigray War
Tigray War
Tigray War
A man passing by a destroyed T-72 tank in Idaga Hamus; destroyed building in Chifra; cemetery for victims of the Mai Kadra massacre; an IDP camp in Shire; A house destroyed during a battle to control Hawzen
Date3 November 2020[a] – 3 November 2022
(2 years)
Location
Tigray, Amhara, and Afar regions of Ethiopia; Eritrea; Eritrea–Ethiopia border; Spillovers in Al Qadarif, Sudan
Result
  • The government and the TPLF formally agreed to a cessation of hostilities and systematic, verifiable disarmament (2 November 2022)[21][22][23]
  • Second agreement for implementing the peace deal signed by both parties (12 November 2022)[24][25][26]
Belligerents

Tigray War Ethiopia

  • Tigray War Amhara
  • Tigray War Afar[1]
  • Tigray War Benishangul-Gumuz (2021–22)[2]
  • Tigray War Dire Dawa (2021–22)[3]
  • Tigray War Gambela (2021–22)[2]
  • Tigray War Harari (2021–22)[2]
  • Tigray War Oromia (2021–22)[4]
  • Tigray War Sidama (2021–22)[4]
  • Tigray War Somali Region (2021–22)[2]
  • Tigray War SNNPR (2021–22)[5][6]
Tigray War Eritrea[7][8]
Arms suppliers:
  • Tigray War United Arab Emirates[9][10]
  • Tigray War Turkey[10]
  • Tigray War Iran[10]
  • Tigray War China[11]

Tigray War UFEFCF (2021–22)[12][13]

  • Tigray War Tigray
  • Tigray War OLA (2021–22)[14][15]
  • Tigray War Agew Liberation Front (2021–22)[16]
  • Tigray War SNLF (2021–22)[17]
  • Tigray War Somali State Resistance (2021–22)[13]
  • Kimant Democratic Party (2021–22)[13]
  • Tigray War Gambella People's Liberation Army (2021–22)[18]
  • Tigray War ARDUF (2021–22)[19]
  • Tigray War BPLM (2021–22)[20]
Commanders and leaders
  • Ethiopia Sahle-Work Zewde
  • Ethiopia Abiy Ahmed
  • Ethiopia Birhanu Jula
  • Ethiopia Abebaw Tadesse
  • Ethiopia Kenea Yadeta (2020–21)
  • Ethiopia Abraham Belay
  • Tigray War Tiruneh Temesgen (2020)
  • Tigray War Agegnehu Teshager (2020–21)
  • Tigray War Yilikal Kefale (2021–22)
  • Tigray War Awol Arba
  • Eritrea Isaias Afewerki
  • Eritrea Filipos Woldeyohannes
  • Tigray War Debretsion Gebremichael
  • Tigray War Fetlework Gebregziabher
  • Tigray War Tsadkan Gebretensae[27][28]
  • Tigray War Tadesse Werede
  • Tigray War Getachew Reda
  • Tigray War Jaal Marroo[14]
Units involved
  • ENDF
    • Ethiopian Ground Forces
    • ETAF[29]
  • Tigray War EPF
  • Tigray War Amhara Special Forces
  • Tigray War Amhara Police Force
  • Tigray War Afar Special Forces
  • Tigray War Afar Police Force
  • Tigray War EDF[8]
    • Eritrean Army
    • ERAF
  • Tigray War Tigray Defense Forces
  • Tigray War Oromo Liberation Army (2021–22)
Strength
Tigray WarTigray War c. 500,000 (Oct 2022)[30] Tigray War c. 200,000 (Oct 2022)[30]
Casualties and losses
  • Tigray War 3,073 killed, 4,473 injured, 8,000 captured (rebel claim)[31][32]
  • 2 MiG-23 lost[33][34]
  • 2 Mi-35 lost[35][36][37]
  • 1 C-130 lost[38]
  • Tigray War Unknown number killed
Tigray War 5,600 killed, 2,300 injured, 2,000 captured (Ethiopian military claim)[39]
Exact casualty figures are disputed
  • 3 UN guards and 23 aid workers killed[40]
  • 875,879+ refugees[41] (20,000 missing)[42]
  • 2,750,000 internally displaced[41]
  • 13,000,000 in need of food aid[43]
Total deaths:
  • 80,000–100,000+ (per Ethiopian officials)[44]
  • 162,000–600,000+ (per Ghent University)[45][46]

The Tigray War[b] was an armed conflict that lasted from 3 November 2020[a] to 3 November 2022.[51][52] The war was primarily fought in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia between forces allied to the Ethiopian federal government and Eritrea on one side, and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) on the other.[53][54]

After years of increased tensions and hostilities between the TPLF and the governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea, fighting began when Tigrayan security forces attacked the Northern Command headquarters of the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF), alongside a number of other bases in Tigray.[55] The ENDF counterattacked from the south – while Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) began launching attacks from the north – which Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed described as a "law enforcement operation".[56][57] Federal allied forces captured Mekelle, the capital of the Tigray Region, on 28 November, after which Abiy declared the operation "over."[58][59] However, the TPLF stated soon afterwards that it would continue fighting until the "invaders" were out,[60][61] and on 28 June 2021, the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) retook Mekelle; by July the same year, they had also advanced into the Amhara and Afar regions.[62] In early November 2021, the TDF, together with the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), took control of several towns on the highway south from Tigray Region towards Addis Ababa, and the TPLF stated that it considered "marching on [the capital]."[63][64] Together with seven smaller rebel groups, the TPLF and OLA declared a coalition aiming to "dismantle Abiy's government by force or by negotiations, and then form a transitional authority."[65]

After a successful government counter-offensive in response, and then a series of negotiations with the TPLF, Ethiopia declared an indefinite humanitarian truce on 24 March 2022, in order to allow the delivery of humanitarian aid into Tigray.[66] However, fighting dramatically re-escalated in late August 2022, after peace talks broke down.[67] Rapid mobilization of troops soon followed, with Ethiopia, Eritrea and Tigray reportedly organizing hundreds of thousands of troops against each other by October the same year.[30] After a number of peace and mediation proposals in the intervening years, Ethiopia and the Tigrayan rebel forces agreed to a cessation of hostilities on 2 November, which went into effect the day after;[52] Eritrea was not a party to the agreement, however,[68] and they largely continued to occupy parts of Tigray as of 2023.[69]

All sides, particularly the ENDF, EDF, Amhara forces and TDF, committed war crimes during the conflict.[70][71][72][73][74] Mass extrajudicial killings of civilians took place throughout, including in Axum,[75] Bora,[76] Chenna,[77][78] Kobo,[79][80] the Hitsats refugee camp,[81] Humera,[82] Mai Kadra,[74][83] the Debre Abay monastery,[76][84] and Zalambessa.[85] Between 162,000–⁠600,000 people were killed,[46][45] and war rape became a "daily" occurrence, with girls as young as 8 and women as old as 72 being raped, often in front of their families.[86][87] A major humanitarian crisis developed as a result of the war,[41] which led to widespread famine.[88][43] It also inflicted immense economic damage on the region, with the cost of rebuilding alone estimated to be roughly $20 billion.[89]

  1. ^ "Regional Special Forces Pose Threat to Peace and Security in Ethiopia". Ipi Global Observatory. 22 February 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Endeshaw, Dawit; Flick, Maggie (19 July 2021). "Ethiopia's Tigray forces enter neighbouring Afar region, Afar says". Reuters.
  3. ^ "Ethiopia's Amhara state rallies residents to fight Tigrayans". Al Jazeera. 25 July 2021.
  4. ^ a b Endeshaw, Dawit (16 July 2021). "Three more regions reinforce Ethiopia army, Amhara against Tigray forces". Reuters.
  5. ^ "Ethiopia: Fear Tigray conflict could trigger all-out war". DW. 20 July 2021.
  6. ^ Endeshaw, Dawit (16 July 2021). "Three more regions reinforce Ethiopia army, Amhara against Tigray forces". Reuters.
  7. ^ "Ethiopian PM confirms Eritrean troops entered Tigray during conflict". Reuters. 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Eritrea confirms its troops are fighting in Ethiopia's Tigray". Al Jazeera. 17 April 2021.
  9. ^ "UAE air bridge provides military support to Ethiopia gov't". Al Jazeera.
  10. ^ a b c Walsh, Declan (20 December 2021). "Foreign Drones Tip the Balance in Ethiopia's Civil War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Toronto_Star_UAE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Pamuk, Humeyra; Fick, Maggie (5 November 2021). Toby Chopra (ed.). "Ethiopian anti-government alliance says plans to dismantle government by force or negotiations". Reuters.
  13. ^ a b c Anna, Cara; Merchant, Norman (5 November 2021). "Tigray, other groups form alliance against Ethiopia's leader". The Washington Post. Associated Press.
  14. ^ a b Anna, Cara (11 August 2021). "Ethiopia armed group says it has alliance with Tigray forces". AP News.
  15. ^ "Leaked EU Diplomatic Cable: Delegation of the European Union to Ethiopia". Scoop. 25 August 2021.
  16. ^ Kifle, Shuwa. "Zerbricht Äthiopien im Bürgerkrieg?". heise online (in German).
  17. ^ "The Sidama National Liberation Front to Join the Coalition of Resistance by the Federalist Forces". Sidama National Liberation Front. 23 August 2021.
  18. ^ Latif Dahir, Abdi; Jakes, Lara (5 November 2021). "Eight Groups Join Tigray Rebels Vowing to Oust Ethiopia's Leader". The New York Times.
  19. ^ "An Afar-based armed group parts its ways with TPLF-led alliance". My Views on News. 1 February 2022.
  20. ^ "Benishangul Gumuz regional govt, rebel group sign peace agreement". Addis Standard. 19 October 2022.
  21. ^ "African Union: Agreement reached on permanent cessation of hostilities in Ethiopia". National Post. 2 November 2022.
  22. ^ Winning, Alexander; Cocks, Tim (2 November 2022). "Combatants in Ethiopia's Tigray war agree to stop fighting". Reuters.
  23. ^ Feleke, Bethlehem (3 November 2022). "Warring parties in Ethiopia agree on 'permanent cessation of hostilities'". CNN World.
  24. ^ Mersie, Ayenat (12 November 2022). "Ethiopia combatants sign deal to start implementing truce". Reuters.
  25. ^ "Ethiopia Truce Implementation to Start 'Immediately', Mediator Says". Asharq AL-awsat.
  26. ^ "Ethiopia Rivals Agree on Humanitarian Access for Tigray". International Business Times. 12 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray War: A Deadly, Dangerous Stalemate". Crisis Group. 2 April 2021.
  28. ^ Marks, Simon; Walsh, Declan (22 January 2021). "On 'Rooftop of Africa', Ethiopia's Troops Hunt Fugitive Former Rulers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  29. ^ "Wieder Luftangriffe der Armee in Tigray" (in German). Deutsche Welle. 9 November 2020. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020.
  30. ^ a b c Chothia, Farouk; Bekit, Teklemariam (19 October 2022). "Ethiopia civil war: Hyenas scavenge on corpses as Tigray forces retreat". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022.
  31. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray conflict: Thousands reported killed in clashes". BBC News. 6 September 2021.
  32. ^ "After battlefield reversals, what next for Ethiopia's Tigray war?". Al Jazeera. 10 July 2021.
  33. ^ "Aviation Occurrence N 267277 Mig-23". Aviation Safety Network. 6 December 2020.
  34. ^ Brhams, Jacob (30 November 2020). "Tigray Rebels Down Jet, Capture Pilot, One Day After Ethiopian Prime Minister Declares Victory". Overt Defense.
  35. ^ "TDF downed A Mi-35 helicopter in central Tigray". Global Defense Corp. 22 April 2021.
  36. ^ Ranter, Harro. "Accident Mil Mi-35, 20 Apr 2021". aviation-safety.net.
  37. ^ "فيديو : قوات دفاع تجراى تسقط مروحية عسكرية اثيوبية وتفتح جبهة قتال جديدة فى محافظة "شرق كوجام"" [Video: Defense forces shoot down an Ethiopian military helicopter and open a new battle front in “East Kojam” governorate]. Farajat (in Arabic). 12 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023.
  38. ^ "Ethiopia: C-130 aircraft downed south of Tigray region". monde24.com (in Arabic). 6 June 2021.
  39. ^ "Ethiopia: Thousands of Tigray rebels killed, military claims". BBC News. 4 September 2021.
  40. ^ "HC a.i. statement on the killing of 23 aid workers in the Tigray region since the start of the crisis". Relief Web. 1 September 2020.
  41. ^ a b c "UNICEF Ethiopia Humanitarian Situation Report No. 9 - September 2022". ReliefWeb. UNICEF. 29 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022.
  42. ^ "Ethiopia: UN says 20,000 refugees missing in Tigray". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021.
  43. ^ a b Paravicini, Giulia (20 August 2022). "Nearly half the people in Ethiopia's Tigray in 'severe' need of food aid, World Food Programme says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022.
  44. ^ "War in Tigray may have killed 600,000 people, peace mediator says". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  45. ^ a b York, Geoffrey (21 October 2022). "Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000.
  46. ^ a b Negash, Emnet. "Updated assessment of civilian starvation deaths during the Tigray war". Retrieved 4 July 2023. As our estimate of the civilian deaths in the Tigray war is regularly mentioned in the media, it seems important to share our evolving understanding and updated (lower) number of civilian deaths as a result of the Tigray war and blockade. We concluded that the IPC/FEWS categorization, on which our Tigray statistics are mainly based, overestimates hunger mortality. Along with developing information on the ground, this would point to a total number of civilian deaths ranging from 162,000 to 378,000.
  47. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray war: The short, medium and long story". BBC News. 29 June 2021. The conflict started on 4 November…
  48. ^ "Inside a military base in Ethiopia's Tigray: soldiers decry betrayal by former comrades". Reuters. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. The government says fighters loyal to the TPLF attacked federal military bases at multiple locations in Tigray early on Nov. 4 after jamming communications […] Lt. Gen. Bacha Debele said radio communications were cut […] at 10:00 p.m. on Nov. 3.
  49. ^ Cite error: The named reference BBC_4Nov_2witnesses was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ "Ethiopia war: UN investigative Human rights commission debuts 6-day visit". Africanews. AFP. 26 July 2022. The [commission] is mandated […] to 'conduct a thorough and impartial investigation into allegations of violations and abuses of international human rights law […] in Ethiopia committed since 3 November 2020 by all parties to the conflict'
  51. ^ "Ethiopia peace deal hailed as a 'new dawn'". Al Jazeera. 3 November 2022.
  52. ^ a b "Agreement for Lasting Peace through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities between the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front" (PDF). Addis Standard. 2 November 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2022. This Agreement shall come into effect at 00:00 hours East Africa Time (EAT) on 3rd November 2022.
  53. ^ Paravicini, Giulia; Endeshaw, Dawit (4 November 2020). "Ethiopia sends army into Tigray region, heavy fighting reported". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020.
  54. ^ "Exclusive: U.S. thinks Eritrea has joined Ethiopian war, diplomats say". Reuters. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020.
  55. ^ Cite error: The named reference :12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  56. ^ "The conflict in Ethiopia". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020.
  57. ^ "Concern of Outright War in Ethiopia Grows as PM Presses Military Offensive". Voice of America. Reuters. 9 November 2020.
  58. ^ "Ethiopia says military operation in Tigray region is over, hunt for Tigray leaders begins". Reuters. 28 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021.
  59. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: Army 'takes regional capital of Mekelle'". BBC News. 28 November 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Mr Abiy said the army was in full control and that this "marks the completion of the [military's] last phase".
  60. ^ "Ethiopia: 'We are in our homeland, the invaders are attacking us,' says Tigray's Gebremichael". France 24. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Debretsion Gebremichael told France 24 that [Tigray] would continue fighting as long as federal 'invaders' are on Tigrayan soil. […] [He] believes neighbouring Eritrea is playing a key role in the conflict. 'They already have 16 divisions in Tigray. They are fighting on the side of the federal army... They have a united front against us. Wherever you go, they are there.'
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  66. ^ "Ethiopia declares unilateral truce to allow aid into Tigray". Al Jazeera. 24 March 2022.
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  68. ^ Winning, Alexander; Cocks, Tim (2 November 2022). "Parties in Ethiopia conflict agree to cease hostilities". Reuters.
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  70. ^ "US says all sides committed war crimes in Ethiopia conflict". Al Jazeera. 20 March 2023.
  71. ^ Nebehay, Stephanie; Endeshaw, Dawit (3 November 2021). "Joint UN, Ethiopia rights team: all sides committed abuses in Tigray". Reuters.
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  73. ^ Dahir, Abdi Latif; Hicks, Tyler (9 December 2020). "Fleeing Ethiopians Tell of Ethnic Massacres in Tigray War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020.
  74. ^ a b "Rapid Investigation into Grave Human Rights Violation Maikadra - Preliminary Findings". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. 24 November 2020.
  75. ^ "The massacre in Axum". Amnesty International. 26 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2021.
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  77. ^ "Tigray forces killed 120 civilians in village in Amhara - Ethiopia officials". Reuters. 9 September 2021.
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  86. ^ "Rape is being used as weapon of war in Ethiopia, say witnesses". The Guardian. 14 May 2021.
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