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Somali Civil War information


Somali Civil War
Part of the conflicts in the Horn of Africa and the War on terror

Map of the current phase of the Somali Civil War (updated February 2024)
Date1991 (disputed) – present[nb 1]
Location
Somalia
Result

Ongoing

  • Consolidation of states from 1998 to 2006
  • Ethiopian invasion against the Islamic Courts Union
  • Conflict between radical Islamists and the government continues
  • New government formed in 2012
Territorial
changes
Somaliland declares independence; Somalia loses 27.6% of its territory
Belligerents

1980s–91:
Somalia Somali Democratic Republic

  • Somali Civil War SNA

1980s–91:
Armed rebel groups:

  • Somalia USC
  • Somali Civil War SNM
  • Somalia SSDF
  • Somali Civil War SPM

1992–95:
Somali Civil War United Nations

  • UNOSOM I
  • Unified Task Force
  • UNOSOM II
1992–95:
Somalia USC
Somalia SNA
Somali Civil War Al-Itihaad
2006:
Somalia ARPCT
2006:
Somali Civil War Islamic Courts Union

2006–09:
Somali Civil War Ethiopia
Somalia Transitional Federal Government
Somali Civil War AMISOM
Somali Civil War United States
Allied armed groups:

  • Somalia ARPCT
  • Somali Civil War Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
2006–09:
Somali Civil War Islamic Courts Union
Somali Civil War Al-Shabaab
Somali Civil War Ras Kamboni Brigades
Somali Civil War Jabhatul Islamiya
Somali Civil War Muaskar Anole
Somalia ARS
2009–present:
Somalia Federal Government of Somalia
Somali Civil War AMISOM (until 2022)
Somali Civil War ATMIS (from 2022)
Somali Civil War United States[1][2]

2009–present:
Somali Civil War Al-Qaeda

  • Somali Civil War Al-Shabaab

Somali Civil War Islamic State (from 2015)[3][4]

  • Wilayat al Somal
Casualties and losses
Casualties:
350,000–1,000,000+ killed[9][12][13]
Displaced:
2,000,000–3,800,000 displaced[14][15]

The Somali Civil War (Somali: Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; Arabic: الحرب الأهلية الصومالية al-ḥarb al-’ahliyya aṣ-ṣūmāliyya) is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups,[16] including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast,[17] the Somali National Movement in the northwest,[16] and the United Somali Congress in the south.[18] The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the Barre government in 1991.[19]

Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum and turmoil that followed, particularly in the south.[20] In 1990–92, customary law temporarily collapsed,[21] and factional fighting proliferated. In the absence of a central government, Somalia became a "failed state".[22] This precipitated the arrival of UNOSOM I UN military observers in July 1992, followed by the larger UNITAF and UNOSOM II missions. Following an armed conflict between Somali factions and UNOSOM II during 1993, the UN withdrew from Somalia in 1995.[20] After the central government's collapse, there was some return to customary and religious law in most regions.[23] In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country.[20] This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for 1997 and 1998.[24]

In 2000, the Transitional National Government was established, followed by the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. The trend toward reduced conflict halted in 2005, and sustained and destructive conflict took place in the south in 2005–07,[25] but the battle was of a much lower scale and intensity than in the early 1990s.[24] In 2006, Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia to depose the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and install the TFG. The ICU effectively disintegrated, and soon after a large scale insurgency began against the occupation as other Islamist groups formed and established themselves as independent actors. Most notably Al-Shabaab rose to prominence in this period,[26] and has since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated AMISOM peacekeeping force for control of the country. Somalia topped the annual Fragile States Index for six years from 2008 up to and including 2013.[27]

In October 2011, following preparatory meetings, Kenyan troops entered southern Somalia ("Operation Linda Nchi") to fight al-Shabaab[28] and establish a buffer zone inside Somalia.[29] Kenyan troops were formally integrated into the multinational force in February 2012.[30] The Federal Government of Somalia was established in August 2012, constituting the country's first permanent central government since the start of the civil war.[31] International stakeholders and analysts subsequently began to describe Somalia as a "fragile state" that is making some progress toward stability.[32][33][34][35]

  1. ^ "Al-Shabaab leader's fate unclear after suspected U.S. drone strike". CNN. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  2. ^ "U.S. drone strike in Somalia targets al-Shabab leader". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
  3. ^ "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. December 29, 2015.
  4. ^ "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  5. ^ "Board of Directors". Central Bank of Somalia. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  6. ^ "UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  7. ^ "Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background". United Nations. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  8. ^ "Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration". US Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  9. ^ a b "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Users.erols.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  10. ^ Fearon, James D. (2004). "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (3): 275–301. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.19.3818. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770. S2CID 7158376.
  11. ^ Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012". Defense & Security Analysis. 32 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122. S2CID 156874430.
  12. ^ c.f. UCDP datasets Archived June 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine for SNA, SRRC, USC, SNM, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.
  13. ^ UCDP non-state conflict Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine tolls
  14. ^ "Somali refugee displacements in the near region: Analysis and Recommendations" (PDF). UNCHR. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
  15. ^ "Somalia Complex crisis". ascaps.org. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
  16. ^ a b Ken Menkhaus, 'Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa,' in Andersen/Moller/Stepputat (eds.), Fragile States and Insecure People,' Palgrave, 2007, 73. Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Legum, Colin (1989). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 20. Africa Research Limited. p. B-394. ISBN 9780841905580. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  18. ^ Bongartz, Maria (1991). The civil war in Somalia: its genesis and dynamics. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 24. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  19. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
  20. ^ a b c Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  21. ^ Ken Menkhaus, "Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa," Fragile States and Insecure People, 2007, 73.
  22. ^ Jamal, Ahmad Rashid. "Identifying Causes of State failure: The Case of Somalia". Universität Konstanz Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.; Fergusson, James (January 13, 2013). "Somalia: A failed state is back from the dead". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2015.; Anderson, Jon Lee (December 14, 2009). "The Most Failed State". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  23. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2003). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  24. ^ a b In 2007, Menkhaus wrote that 'armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. Armed clashes continue to break out, but are nowhere near the scale and intensity of the fighting that destroyed Hargeisa in 1988–89 or Mogadishu in 1991–92.' Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.
  25. ^ Menkhaus 2007, op. cit., 76.
  26. ^ Mueller, Jason C. (January 2, 2018). "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 148494845.
  27. ^ Messner, J.J. (June 24, 2014). "Failed States Index 2014: Somalia Displaced as Most-Fragile State". The Fund for Peace. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  28. ^ "Kenya launches offensive in Somalia". Reuters. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  29. ^ United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226
  30. ^ "Kenya – KDF". AMIS. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  31. ^ "Communiqué on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia". United Nations. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  32. ^ Balthasar, Dominik (November 19, 2014). "New Approaches Are Needed for State-Building in Somalia". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  33. ^ Messner, J. J. (June 24, 2013). "Failed States Index 2013: What Were You Expecting?". The Fund for Peace. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  34. ^ "The European Union announces more than €124 million to increase security in Somalia". European Commissioner. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  35. ^ Kay, Nicholas (January 29, 2015). "Somalia's Year of Delivery". Goobjoog. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.


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