United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992–1995)
UNOSOM I
Provide Relief
UNITAF / Restore Hope
Deliverance
Somalia affair
UNOSOM II
Pakistani Peacekeepers
UN killings of protestors
Abdi House raid
Checkpoint Pasta
Gothic Serpent
Black Hawk Down
United Shield
Consolidation Period (1995-2006)
v
t
e
Rise of the Islamic Courts Union
Mogadishu
Baidoa
v
t
e
War in Somalia (2006–2009)
Timeline
2006
2007
2008
2009
Battles
1st Baidoa
Bandiradley
1st Beledweyne
Jowhar
Mogadishu (fall)
Jilib
1st Kismayo
Ras Kamboni
1st Mogadishu
Bargal
2nd Mogadishu
3rd Mogadishu
Al-Hidayah Mosque
2nd Beledweyne
2nd Baidoa
2nd Kismayo
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t
e
Somali Civil War (2009–present)
Timeline
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Operations and battles
2009
S Mogadishu
Mogadishu
C Somalia
Wabho
Kismayo
2010
Beledweyne
Ayn
Kenyan border
Mogadishu
2011
Lower Juba
Gedo
Elwaq
Linda Nchi
Deynile
Beledweyne
2012
Yurkud
Kismayo
2013
Bulo Marer
2014
Operation Indian Ocean
Galgala
2015
Baure
Leego
Janale
2016
El Adde
Qandala
2017
Kulbiyow
Barii
Af Urur
Golweyn
November 2017
2018
Bulo Marer
Gandarshe
2020
Camp Simba
2021
Mogadishu
Golweyn
Galmudug
2022
Ethiopia
Bal'ad
Runirgod
2023
Hilowle Gaab
Hawadley
Bulo Marer
Major attacks
2009
AU base
Beledweyne
Hotel Shamo
2010
Mogadishu
Kampala
Muna Hotel
2011
Mogadishu
2013
Mogadishu UN
Mogadishu embassy
Westgate
Beledweyne
2014
Villa Somalia
Hotel Amalo
2015
Central Hotel
Makka al-Mukarama
Garissa
Ministry of Education
Garowe
Jazeera Palace Hotel
Sahafi Hotel
2016
Mogadishu (Jan)
Daallo Airlines Flight 159
Mogadishu (Feb)
Baidoa
Mogadishu (Jun)
Awdiinle
Galkayo
Mogadishu (Aug)
Mogadishu (Nov)
Mogadishu (Dec)
2017
Mogadishu (2 Jan)
Dayah Hotel
Mogadishu (Feb)
Mogadishu (14 Oct)
Mogadishu (28 Oct)
2018
Mogadishu (Feb)
Mogadishu (Mar)
Mogadishu (Jul)
Baidoa
Mogadishu (2 Sep)
Sahafi Hotel
Mogadishu (Dec)
2019
Nairobi DusitD2
Nairobi Latema Rd
Mogadishu (4 Feb)
Mogadishu (28 Feb)
Mogadishu (Mar)
Kismayo
Mogadishu (22 Jul)
Mogadishu (24 Jul)
Kenya bus
Mogadishu (Dec)
2020
Afgooye
Baidoa Eid
Mogadishu (8 Aug)
Mogadishu (16 Aug)
Galkayo
2021
Mogadishu (Mar)
Mogadishu (Jun)
Mogadishu (Nov)
2022
Mandera
Beledweyne (Feb)
Beledweyne and Mogadishu (Mar)
Mogadishu (Apr)
Mogadishu (Aug)
Beledweyne (Sep)
Beledweyne (Oct)
Kismayo
Mogadishu (Oct)
Mogadishu (Nov)
2023
Mahas
Buloburde and Jalalaqsi
Mogadishu (Jun)
Mogadishu (Jul)
Beledweyne
Mogadishu (Sep)
2024
Mogadishu market (Mar)
Mogadishu hotel (Mar)
Dhanaane Busley base (Mar)
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e
Post-1960 conflicts in the Horn of Africa
Eritrean War of Independence
Eritrean civil wars
1961 revolt in Somalia
Bale revolt
Somali–Kenyan conflict
Shifta
Rhamu
Ethiopian–Somali conflict
1963 Ogaden Rebellion
1964
Ogaden
1982
2022 Al-Shabaab
Oromo conflict
Ethiopian Civil War
Somali Civil War
Rebellion
Puntland–Somaliland
2006–09
2009–present
Somaliland War of Independence
Djiboutian Civil War
Insurgency in Ogaden
2007–08
Second Afar insurgency
Gedeo–Guji clashes
Hanish Islands conflict
Eritrean–Ethiopian War
border conflict
OEF – Horn of Africa
Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
Ethiopian civil conflict
Afar–Somali
Oromia–Somali
OLA insurgency
Benishangul-Gumuz
Tigray War
War in Amhara
Al-Fashaga conflict
The Somali Civil War (Somali: Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; Arabic: الحرب الأهلية الصوماليةal-ḥarb al-’ahliyya aṣ-ṣūmāliyya) is an ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups,[16] including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast,[17] the Somali National Movement in the northwest,[16] and the United Somali Congress in the south.[18] The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the Barre government in 1991.[19]
Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum and turmoil that followed, particularly in the south.[20] In 1990–92, customary law temporarily collapsed,[21] and factional fighting proliferated. In the absence of a central government, Somalia became a "failed state".[22] This precipitated the arrival of UNOSOM I UN military observers in July 1992, followed by the larger UNITAF and UNOSOM II missions. Following an armed conflict between Somali factions and UNOSOM II during 1993, the UN withdrew from Somalia in 1995.[20] After the central government's collapse, there was some return to customary and religious law in most regions.[23] In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country.[20] This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for 1997 and 1998.[24]
In 2000, the Transitional National Government was established, followed by the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) in 2004. The trend toward reduced conflict halted in 2005, and sustained and destructive conflict took place in the south in 2005–07,[25] but the battle was of a much lower scale and intensity than in the early 1990s.[24] In 2006, Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia to depose the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) and install the TFG. The ICU effectively disintegrated, and soon after a large scale insurgency began against the occupation as other Islamist groups formed and established themselves as independent actors. Most notably Al-Shabaab rose to prominence in this period,[26] and has since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated AMISOM peacekeeping force for control of the country. Somalia topped the annual Fragile States Index for six years from 2008 up to and including 2013.[27]
In October 2011, following preparatory meetings, Kenyan troops entered southern Somalia ("Operation Linda Nchi") to fight al-Shabaab[28] and establish a buffer zone inside Somalia.[29] Kenyan troops were formally integrated into the multinational force in February 2012.[30] The Federal Government of Somalia was established in August 2012, constituting the country's first permanent central government since the start of the civil war.[31] International stakeholders and analysts subsequently began to describe Somalia as a "fragile state" that is making some progress toward stability.[32][33][34][35]
^"Al-Shabaab leader's fate unclear after suspected U.S. drone strike". CNN. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
^"U.S. drone strike in Somalia targets al-Shabab leader". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^"ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya". DefenseNews. December 29, 2015.
^"Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting". Garowe Online. December 24, 2015. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
^"Board of Directors". Central Bank of Somalia. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^"UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 4, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^"Somalia - UNOSOM II: Background". United Nations. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^"Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration". US Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^ ab"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". Users.erols.com. Archived from the original on April 26, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
^Fearon, James D. (2004). "Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer Than Others?". Journal of Peace Research. 41 (3): 275–301. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.19.3818. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770. S2CID 7158376.
^Robinson, Colin (2016). "Revisiting the rise and fall of the Somali Armed Forces, 1960–2012". Defense & Security Analysis. 32 (3): 237–252. doi:10.1080/14751798.2016.1199122. S2CID 156874430.
^c.f. UCDP datasets Archived June 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine for SNA, SRRC, USC, SNM, ARS/UIC and Al-Shabaab tolls.
^UCDP non-state conflict Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine tolls
^"Somali refugee displacements in the near region: Analysis and Recommendations" (PDF). UNCHR. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^"Somalia Complex crisis". ascaps.org. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
^ abKen Menkhaus, 'Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa,' in Andersen/Moller/Stepputat (eds.), Fragile States and Insecure People,' Palgrave, 2007, 73. Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^Legum, Colin (1989). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 20. Africa Research Limited. p. B-394. ISBN 9780841905580. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
^Bongartz, Maria (1991). The civil war in Somalia: its genesis and dynamics. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 24. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
^Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ abcCentral Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on May 19, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^Ken Menkhaus, "Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa," Fragile States and Insecure People, 2007, 73.
^Jamal, Ahmad Rashid. "Identifying Causes of State failure: The Case of Somalia". Universität Konstanz Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.; Fergusson, James (January 13, 2013). "Somalia: A failed state is back from the dead". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2015.; Anderson, Jon Lee (December 14, 2009). "The Most Failed State". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
^Central Intelligence Agency (2003). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
^ abIn 2007, Menkhaus wrote that 'armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. Armed clashes continue to break out, but are nowhere near the scale and intensity of the fighting that destroyed Hargeisa in 1988–89 or Mogadishu in 1991–92.' Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.
^Menkhaus 2007, op. cit., 76.
^Mueller, Jason C. (January 2, 2018). "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. doi:10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 148494845.
^Messner, J.J. (June 24, 2014). "Failed States Index 2014: Somalia Displaced as Most-Fragile State". The Fund for Peace. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
^"Kenya launches offensive in Somalia". Reuters. October 16, 2011. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226
^"Kenya – KDF". AMIS. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
^"Communiqué on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia". United Nations. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
^Balthasar, Dominik (November 19, 2014). "New Approaches Are Needed for State-Building in Somalia". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
^Messner, J. J. (June 24, 2013). "Failed States Index 2013: What Were You Expecting?". The Fund for Peace. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
^"The European Union announces more than €124 million to increase security in Somalia". European Commissioner. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^Kay, Nicholas (January 29, 2015). "Somalia's Year of Delivery". Goobjoog. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).
SomaliCivilWar (Somali: Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya; Arabic: الحرب الأهلية الصومالية al-ḥarb al-’ahliyya aṣ-ṣūmāliyya) is an ongoing civilwar that...
Over the course of the SomaliCivilWar, there have been many revolutionary movements and militia groups run by competing rebel leaders which have held...
spiraled into the ongoing SomaliCivilWar. Before the proclamation of an independent Somali state, a greater de facto Somalia already existed within the...
This is a 2024 timeline of events in the SomaliCivilWar (2009–present). 10 January - Al-Shabaab militants attacked a UN helicopter and forced it to make...
The Somali Rebellion was the beginning of the civilwar in Somalia that occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s. The rebellion started in 1978 when President...
The Somali Democratic Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya Soomaaliyeed; Arabic: الجمهورية الديمقراطية الصومالية, al-Jumhūrīyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah...
not born in. The civilwar in Somalia greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many Somalis moved from Greater Somalia primarily to Europe...
factions of the SomaliCivilWar. The alliance would most notably face off against the second phase of the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II)...
The Somalia affair was a 1993 Canadian military scandal, prompted by the beating to death of Shidane Arone, a Somali teenager, at the hands of two Canadian...
Somalia". UN News. April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019. "Somali, U.S. forces engage insurgents in support of the Federal Government of Somalia"...
and supported Somali insurgents against Kenya. In 1946 the Somali Youth League selected Harar as the future capital of Greater Somalia and subsequently...
The Somali National Front (SNF) (Somali: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Jabhada Soomaliyeed) was a politico-military organization that operated in southern Somalia during...
autonomy of the Somali government as the African Union pulls out. The mission's mandate is set to end on 31 December 2024, when Somali Security Forces...
This is a 2022 timeline of events in the SomaliCivilWar (2009–present). 19 February: An al-Shabaab suicide bomber kills 14 people at a restaurant in...
The Somali National Movement (Somali: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed, Arabic: الحركة الوطنية الصومالية) was one of the first and most important organized...
place from March 1993 until March 1995, following the outbreak of the SomaliCivilWar in 1991. UNOSOM II carried on from the transitory United States-controlled...
international and local diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the SomaliCivilWar have been in effect since the conflict first began in the early 1990s...
exile. SomaliCivilWar Factions in the SomaliCivilWar Aden Abdullahi Nur Gabyow Armed opposition in Somalia The Liberation Movements of Somalia Archived...
This is a 2023 timeline of events in the SomaliCivilWar (2009–present). 4 January: Mahas bombings. 11 April - Secretary-General of the United Nations...
A civilwar is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region...
Times concerning the United Nations peacekeeping mission during the SomaliCivilWar. The first two articles to use the term in the Washington Post were...
This is a 2012 timeline of events in the SomaliCivilWar (2009–present). Top January February March April May June July August September October November...
with previous Somali administrations, the Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic recognized Mogadishu as the capital of Somalia. The Transitional...
This is a 2014 timeline of events in the SomaliCivilWar (2009–present). Top January February March April May June July August September October November...