Russian policy of suppressing Finnish autonomy (1899–1905, 1908–17)
The policy of Russification of Finland (Finnish: sortokaudet / sortovuodet, lit. 'times/years of oppression'; Russian: Русификация Финляндии, romanized: Rusifikatsiya Finlyandii) was a governmental policy of the Russian Empire aimed at limiting the special status of the Grand Duchy of Finland and possibly the termination of its political autonomy and cultural uniqueness in 1899–1905 and in 1908–1917, fully integrating Finland to the Russian Empire. It was a part of a larger policy of Russification pursued by late 19th–early 20th century Russian governments which tried to abolish cultural and administrative autonomy of non-Russian minorities within the empire.
The two Russification campaigns evoked widespread Finnish resistance, starting with petitions and escalating to strikes, passive resistance (including draft resistance) and eventually active resistance. Finnish opposition to Russification was one of the main factors that ultimately led to Finland's declaration of independence in 1917.
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adopted Russification policies in 1898; the new circumstances saw the reduction ofFinnish autonomy and cultural expression. Unrest in Russia and Finland during...
Russification (Russian: русификация, romanized: rusifikatsiya), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily...
deeply unpopular Russification measures. These began with the February Manifesto proclaimed by Nicholas II in 1899, which restricted Finland's autonomy and...
official in 1861 for private vessels. In 1910, in connection with RussificationofFinland, the Russian authorities decreed that a Russian flag was to be...
Kari. "Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917", Faravid, 2004, Vol. 28, pp. 181–194. The Finnish Civil War, Federal Research Division of the Library...
cannot become, therefore Finns we must be." The first period ofRussificationofFinland (Finnish: Ensimmäinen sortokausi) began in 1899 with the February...
Provinces and Finland (1981) Steven Huxley, Constitutionalist insurgency in Finland: Finnish "passive resistance" against Russification as a case of nonmilitary...
as the Governor-General ofFinland as well as the Finnish Military District. Upon appointment, he introduced a Russification programme into the Grand...
The Russificationof Ukraine (Ukrainian: зросійщення України; Russian: русификация Украины) was a system of measures, actions and legislations undertaken...
government started an aggressive, coordinated campaign for the RussificationofFinland. Many Finns chose to escape the repression by migrating to the...
and anger at Russian Authorities, due to the RussificationofFinland. In August, a large amount ofFinnish Workers and High school students had demanded...
The Maiden ofFinland (Finnish: Suomi-neito, Swedish: Finlands mö) is the national personification ofFinland. She is a barefoot young woman in her mid-twenties...
the point of resembling a dagger rather than a sword (Figure 8). During the years when the Russian emperors attempted russificationofFinland (1899–1905...
attempts to assimilate Finland as part of a general policy to strengthen the central government and unify the Empire by Russification. Those attempts were...
The "great Russification program" was a plan for new laws concerning the Grand Duchy ofFinland made during the second period of oppression from 1912...
autonomous state of the Russian Empire. In 1899, the Russian Empire initiated a policy of integration through the RussificationofFinland. The strengthened...
October 1905) was a Finnish artist, best known for his patriotic painting The Attack which depicts the perceived RussificationofFinland by the Russian Empire...
timeline ofFinnish history. To read about the background of these events, see History ofFinland. Finland History ofFinland History of Sweden History of Russia...
Russia Timeline of Grozny Timeline of Kaliningrad Timeline of Kazan Timeline of Krasnodar Timeline of Makhachkala Timeline of Moscow Timeline of Nizhny Novgorod...
2003, p. 109. Dahlström 2003, p. 113. See Grand Duchy ofFinland and RussificationofFinland for further historical context. Sibelius – The Music "Finlandia...
list of flags ofFinland. For more information, see flag ofFinland. Finnish regions also have traditional Household pennants. Proposals for a Finnish national...