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Revolution of Dignity
Part of Euromaidan
Top: Protesters fighting government forces on Independence Square on 18 February 2014.
Bottom: Independence Square on 23 February.
Date18–23 February 2014[1][2]
(5 days)
Location
Ukraine (mainly Kyiv)
Goals
  • Removal of President Viktor Yanukovych
  • Restoration of the 2004 amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine
MethodsProtesting, rioting, civil disobedience, insurrection
Resulted inEuromaidan / opposition victory
Full results
  • President Yanukovych overthrown; Yanukovych becomes a fugitive and flees to Russia
  • Restoration of the 2004 amendments to Constitution of Ukraine
  • Interim government formed[3]
  • Pro-Russian, anti-revolutionary unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine, leading to the Russo-Ukrainian War
  • Yulia Tymoshenko released from prison
  • 50 persons, including top officials, charged with organizing the killing of protesters[4]
  • Berkut special police dissolved
  • Nationwide destruction of Soviet monuments[5]
Parties

Revolution of Dignity Maidan People's Union

  • Anti-government civilian protesters
  • Parliamentary opposition parties
  • Defected police officers[6]

Ukraine Government of Ukraine

  • Ministry of Internal Affairs
    • Berkut
    • Militsiya
    • Internal Troops
  • Security Service
    • Alpha Group[7]
  • Titushky[8]
Supported by:
Revolution of Dignity Russia
Lead figures
  • Arseniy Yatsenyuk
  • Vitali Klitschko
  • Oleh Tyahnybok
  • Petro Poroshenko
  • Yuriy Lutsenko
  • Oleksandr Turchynov
  • Yulia Tymoshenko
  • Andriy Parubiy
  • Andriy Sadovyi
  • Arsen Avakov
  • Dmytro Yarosh
  • Ruslana
  • Viktor Yanukovych
  • Serhiy Arbuzov
  • Vitaliy Zakharchenko
  • Oleksandr Yefremov
  • Andriy Klyuyev
  • Hennadiy Kernes
  • Mikhail Dobkin
  • Viktor Pshonka
  • Olena Lukash
  • Yuriy Boyko
  • Leonid Kozhara
  • Dmytro Tabachnyk
Number
Kyiv:
  • 400,000–800,000 protesters[9]
  • 12,000 "self-defense sotnia"[10][11]
Elsewhere in Ukraine:
  • 50,000 (Lviv)[12]
  • 20,000 (Cherkasy)[13]
  • 10,000+ (Ternopil)[14]
  • other cities and towns

Law enforcement in Kyiv:

  • 4,000 Berkut
  • 1,000 Internal Troops
  • 3,000–4,000 titushky[15]

Pro-government/anti-EU demonstrations:

  • 20,000–60,000 (Kyiv)
  • 40,000 (Kharkiv)[16]
  • 15,000 (Donetsk)[17]
  • 10,000 (Simferopol)[18]
  • 2,500 pro-Russia (Sevastopol)[19]
Casualties and losses
  • Deaths: 108 (January–February)[20]
  • Injured: 1,100+[21][22]
  • Arrested: 77[23]
  • Deaths: 13[20]
  • Injured: 272[22]
  • Captured: 67[24]
  • Overall deaths: 121[20]
  • Overall injuries: 1,811[25]

The Revolution of Dignity (Ukrainian: Революція гідності, romanized: Revoliutsiia hidnosti), also known as the Maidan Revolution or the Ukrainian Revolution,[2] took place in Ukraine in February 2014[2][1] at the end of the Euromaidan protests,[1] when deadly clashes between protesters and state forces in the capital Kyiv culminated in the ousting of elected President Viktor Yanukovych, the return to the 2004 Constitution of Ukraine, and the outbreak of the 2014 Russo-Ukrainian War.[1][2]

In November 2013, a wave of large-scale protests known as "Euromaidan" began in response to President Yanukovych's decision not to sign a political association and free trade agreement with the European Union (EU), instead choosing closer ties to Russia. Earlier that year the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) had overwhelmingly approved finalizing the agreement;[26] Russia had pressured Ukraine to reject it.[27] The scope of the protests widened, with calls for the resignation of Yanukovych and the Azarov government.[28] Protesters opposed what they saw as widespread government corruption and abuse of power, the influence of Russia and oligarchs, police brutality, human rights violations,[29][30] and repressive anti-protest laws.[29]

A large, barricaded protest camp occupied Independence Square in central Kyiv throughout the 'Maidan Uprising'. In January and February 2014, clashes between protesters and Berkut special riot police resulted in the deaths of 108 protesters and 13 police officers,[20] and the wounding of many others. The first protesters were killed in fierce clashes with police on Hrushevsky Street on 19–22 January. Following this, protesters occupied government buildings throughout the country, and the Azarov government resigned. The deadliest clashes were on 18–20 February, which saw the most severe violence in Ukraine since it regained independence.[31] Thousands of protesters advanced towards parliament, led by activists with shields and helmets, who were fired on by police snipers.[20]

On 21 February, Yanukovych and the parliamentary opposition signed an agreement to bring about an interim unity government, constitutional reforms and early elections. Police abandoned central Kyiv that afternoon and the protesters took control. Yanukovych fled the city that evening.[32] The next day, 22 February, the Ukrainian parliament voted to remove Yanukovych from office by 328 to 0 (about 73% of the parliament's 450 members).[33][34][35][36] Yanukovych claimed this vote was illegal and asked Russia for help.[37] Russian propaganda described the events as a "coup".[38][39][40]

Pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary protests erupted in southern and eastern Ukraine. Russia occupied and then annexed Crimea,[41][42] while armed pro-Russian separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the independent states of Donetsk and Luhansk, sparking the Donbas war.

The Ukrainian parliament restored the 2004 amendments to the Ukrainian constitution.[43] An interim government, led by Arseniy Yatsenyuk, signed the EU association agreement and disbanded the Berkut. Petro Poroshenko became president after winning the 2014 presidential elections. The new government began a removal of civil servants associated with the overthrown regime.[44][45][46] There was also widespread decommunization and de-Sovietization of the country.

  1. ^ a b c d Everything you need to know about the Ukraine crisis, Vox (3 September 2014)
    Ukraine's 2014 revolution to Trump's push for a Ukrainian probe of Biden: A timeline, ABC News (1 October 2019)
    The February revolution, The Economist (27 February 2014)
    Ukraine: Everything you need to know about how we got here, CNN (3 February 2017)
  2. ^ a b c d Ukraine profile – Timeline, BBC News
  3. ^ "Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president". BBC News. 23 February 2014.
  4. ^ "Makhnitsky: Some 50 people to be charged with organizing killings of Ukrainians". Kyiv Post. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  5. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Lenin statues toppled in protest". BBC News. 22 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  6. ^ Novogrod, James (21 February 2014). "Dozens of Ukrainian Police Defect, Vow to Protect Protesters". NBC News. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  7. ^ К сегодняшнему расстрелу митингующих может иметь отношение подразделение 'Альфа' СБУ [By now in massacre of protesters may have relation unit 'Alpha' SBU]. Zerkalo Nedeli (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  8. ^ "EuroMaidan ralles in Ukraine (20 Jan updates)". Kyiv Post. 21 January 2014.
  9. ^ Whitmore, Brian (6 December 2013). "Putin's Growing Threat Next Door". The Atlantic.
  10. ^ "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine – Dec. 16". Kyiv Post. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  11. ^ "The Council of Maidan Self-Defense Organizes 'United Revolutionary Army' throughout Ukraine". Euromaidan PR. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  12. ^ Євромайдан Львів встановив кількісний рекорд. Lviv Expres (in Ukrainian). 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  13. ^ "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Jan. 23 live updates)". Kyiv Post. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  14. ^ Тернопільський Євромайдан зібрав більше 10 тисяч людей [Ternopil Eeuromaydan brought together more than 10 thousand people] (in Ukrainian). UA: TE. 8 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  15. ^ Мариинском парке собралось около 3–4 тысяч 'титушек' – нардеп [Mariinskyi park were about 3–4 thousand "titushek" – People's Deputy]. UNIAN (in Ukrainian). 22 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  16. ^ В Харькове провели масштабный провластный митинг. BBC (in Russian). 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  17. ^ "На провластный митинг в Донецке привезли несколько десятков автобусов 'неравнодушных'". Gazeta.ua. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  18. ^ Наша задача: отстаивать национальные интересы, строить Европу в Крыму и в Украине – Павел Бурлаков [Our task: to defend national interests, to build Europe in the Crimea and in Ukraine – Paul Boatmen]. Новости Крыма [Crimean News] (in Ukrainian). UkraineInfo. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  19. ^ ЄвромадаЇ в Україні: Запоріжжя вражало кількістю, а в Одесі пам'ятник Дюку 'одягли' у прапор ЄС [YevromadaYi in Ukraine Zaporizhzhia striking number, and in Odesa Monument to Duke "dressed" in the EU flag] (in Ukrainian). UA: TSN. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Accountability for killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. pp. 9, 21–25.
  21. ^ МОЗ: З початку сутичок померло 28 людей. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference kplivenight was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ "В полоні МВС: затримано 77 активістів, в'язниця загрожує 40 з них". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  24. ^ "Police held hostage by protesters in Kiev: interior ministry". Chicago Tribune. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  25. ^ "Information about the victims of clashes in the center of Kyiv". Ministry of Healthcare. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  26. ^ "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration". Kyiv Post. 22 February 2013. A total of 315 of the 349 MPs registered in the sitting hall supported the document on Friday. The draft document reads that the Verkhovna Rada 'within its powers, will ensure that the recommendations concerning the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU, which are stipulated in the resolutions of the European Parliament and the conclusions of the Council of the EU approved on December 10, 2012, at a meeting of the EU foreign ministers, will be fulfilled.'
  27. ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274.
  28. ^ "Kiev protesters gather, EU dangles aid promise". Reuters. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  29. ^ a b Marples, David; Mills, Frederick, eds. (2015). Ukraine's Euromaidan: Analyses of a Civil Revolution. Ibidem Press. pp. 9–14.
  30. ^ Yanukovych Offers Opposition Leaders Key Posts, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (25 January 2014)
  31. ^ "Europe's new battlefield". The Economist. 22 February 2014. It is the worst violence Ukraine has known in its 22 years as an independent country
  32. ^ Frizell, Sam (22 February 2014). "Ukraine Protestors Seize Kiev As President Flees". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  33. ^ "Parliament votes 328-0 to impeach Yanukovych on Feb. 22; sets May 25 for new election; Tymoshenko free". 22 February 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  34. ^ "Ukraine MPs vote to oust president". 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  35. ^ "Ukraine's parliament votes to oust president; former prime minister is freed from prison". The Washington Post.
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference sds24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (24 January 2019). "Ukraine's Ex-President Is Convicted of Treason". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  38. ^ Maria Popova, Oxana Shevel (2023). Russia and Ukraine: Entangled Histories, Diverging States. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-5095-5738-7.
  39. ^ Wilson Andrew (2014). Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West. Yale University Press. pp. 108, 110. ISBN 978-0-300-21292-1.
  40. ^ Mychailo Wynnyckyj (2019). Ukraine's Maidan, Russia's War. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 28. ISBN 978-3-8382-1327-9.
  41. ^ Sullivan, Tim (1 March 2014). "Russian troops take over Ukraine's Crimea region". Yahoo!. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
  42. ^ Somini Sengupta (15 March 2014). "Russia Vetoes U.N. Resolution on Crimea". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  43. ^ Damien McElroy (23 February 2014). "Ukraine revolution: live – Ukraine's president has disappeared as world awakes to the aftermath of a revolution". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
  44. ^ Zabyelina, Yuliya (2017). "Lustration Beyond Decommunization: Responding to the Crimes of the Powerful in Post-Euromaidan Ukraine". State Crime Journal. 6 (1): 55–78. doi:10.13169/statecrime.6.1.0055. ISSN 2046-6056. JSTOR 10.13169/statecrime.6.1.0055.
  45. ^ "Ukraine to launch 'full clean-out' of corrupt officials". Reuters. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  46. ^ Mishina, Ekaterina (14 April 2015). "Risks of Delayed Lustrations". Institute of Modern Russia. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.

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