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Philippine Revolution information


Philippine Revolution
Revolución Filipina
Himagsikang Pilipino
Rebolusyong Pilipino
Part of decolonization of Asia and Spanish-American War
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution
Clockwise from top left: Surviving Spanish troops in Barcelona after the Siege of Baler, Filipino soldiers during the near end of the Revolution, Filipino negotiators for the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, Painting of the Battle of Zapote Bridge, and the Malolos Congress
DateAugust 24, 1896 – December 10, 1898
(2 years, 3 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Philippines
Result

Filipino victory

  • Declaration of Philippine independence from Spain and the establishment of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines and later the First Philippine Republic.
  • Spain cedes control of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.
  • Filipino-American War started soon after.
Belligerents

1896–1897
Philippine Revolution Katipunan

  • Philippine Revolution Sovereign Tagalog Nation (until March 1897)
  • Philippine Revolution Tejeros Government (March–November 1897)
  • Philippine Revolution Republic of Biak-na-Bato (November–December 1897)

1896–1897
Philippine Revolution Spain

  • Philippine Revolution Captaincy General of the Philippines
    • Province of La Pampanga

1898
Philippine Revolution Filipino Revolutionaries

  • Philippine Revolution Central Executive Committee (April–May)
  • Philippine Revolution Dictatorial Government (May–June)
  • Philippine Revolution Revolutionary Government (from June 1898)

Philippine Revolution United States

Diplomatic support:
Philippine Revolution German Empire[1]

1898
Philippine Revolution Spain

  • Philippine Revolution Captaincy General of the Philippines
    • Province of La Pampanga
  • Philippine Revolution Captaincy General of Cuba
  • Philippine Revolution Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
Commanders and leaders
See list
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Andrés Bonifacio Executed
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Emilio Aguinaldo
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Román Basa Executed
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Teodoro Plata Executed
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Ladislao Diwa
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Emilio Jacinto
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Gregoria de Jesús
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Julio Nakpil
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Macario Sakay
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Mariano Álvarez
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Mariano Trías
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Santiago Álvarez
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Baldomero Aguinaldo
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Miguel Malvar
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Artemio Ricarte
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Pío del Pilar
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Tomás Mascardo
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Gregorio del Pilar
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Francisco Macabulos
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Teresa Magbanua
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Pantaleón Villegas  X
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Arcadio Maxilom
  • Philippine RevolutionPhilippine Revolution Aniceto Lacson
  • Philippine Revolution George Dewey
  • Philippine Revolution Wesley Merritt
See list
  • Philippine Revolution Ramón Blanco
  • Philippine Revolution Camilo de Polavieja
  • Philippine Revolution Fernando Primo de Rivera
  • Philippine Revolution Basilio Augustín
  • Philippine Revolution Fermin Jáudenes
  • Philippine Revolution Diego de los Ríos
  • Philippine Revolution José Olaguer Feliú
  • Philippine Revolution José de Lachambre
Strength
1896:
100,000[2][3]
1896:
12,700–17,700
[citation needed]
1898:
55,000 [a][citation needed]
Casualties and losses
28,646  / (DOW)[4]
Many more lost to disease[5]
2,000+  / (DOW)[citation needed]
Many more lost to disease[5]
Many Filipino civilians dead from both Spanish troops and Katipunan atrocities[4]

The Philippine Revolution[6] was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against Spain from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year colonial rule of Spain to the archipelago. The Philippines were among the last colonies of the Spanish Empire, which saw a massive decline particularly in the 1890s. Cuba rebelled in 1895, and the empire soon fought against the United States in a war that they lost. In June 1898, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence. However, this was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.

Led by Andrés Bonifacio, the Katipunan was formed in secrecy in 1892 in the wake of the nascent La Liga Filipina, an organization created by Filipino nationalist José Rizal and others in Spain with goals of Philippine representation to the Spanish Parliament. Katipunan's influence soon gained traction across the islands, and seeks for an armed revolution. However, that revolution started prematurely in August 1896 upon its discovery by Spanish authorities in Manila. The organization soon declared war against Spain in Caloocan.[7] Early battles and skirmishes were centered around sieging the capital city of Manila led by Bonifacio himself, which ultimately failed. However, revolutionaries in the neighboring provinces fared better, particularly in Cavite, where rebels led by Mariano Álvarez and cousins Baldomero and Emilio Aguinaldo won early major victories. This disparity in success, along with multiple factors, contributed to the eventual power struggle from within Katipunan's leadership. Two factions formed: Bonifacio's Magdiwang and Aguinaldo's Magdalo. This struggle culminated in the 1897 elections in Tejeros, which saw Emilio Aguinaldo elected as president in absentia. Bonifacio nullified the results after a Magdalo member questioned his election as the Secretary of the Interior. This resulted in a schism, with Bonifacio's supporters alleging that the elections was fraudulent, with Bonifacio himself refusing to recognize the results. In April 1897, Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of Bonifacio. A trial was set in Maragondon, where the Magdalo-led jury found Bonifacio and his brother Procopio guilty of treason, sentencing both of them to death. Despite calls for commuting the sentence for the sake of national unity, the brothers were executed in May 1897. Later that year, Aguinaldo's government and Spanish authorities signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Filipino revolutionary officers exiled themselves to Hong Kong. However, the hostilities never completely ceased.[8]

On April 21, 1898, after the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, the United States declared war against the Spanish Empire, starting the Spanish-American war.[9] On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron, under George Dewey, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of the area surrounding Manila. On May 19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly the entirety of the countryside, while the cities remained under Spanish control. On June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence in Kawit.[10] Although this signified the end date of the revolution, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence.[11] The Treaty of Paris was signed between Spain and the United States, formally ending Spanish rule to the islands and the Spanish-American war.[8] Despite attempts by the Filipino government, there were no Filipinos in the treaty.

On February 4, 1899, fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the Philippine–American War. Aguinaldo immediately declared war, ordering "that peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies".[12] In June 1899, the First Philippine Republic formally declared war against the United States,[13][14] which ended with Aguinaldo's capture and surrender by the Americans in April 1901. As a result, the islands become a colony of the United States. A commonwealth government was formed in 1936, with Manuel L. Quezon, Aguinaldo's aide-de-camp during the revolution, assuming presidency. The Philippines was intended to become independent after a ten-year commonwealth period, but was cut short in the advent of the Second World War in the Pacific. The country finally became fully independent on July 4, 1946, 50 years after the start of the revolution.

  1. ^ "AGUINALDO WAS BUT A PUPPET IN GERMAN HANDS". San Francisco Call. August 14, 1898. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  2. ^ "Revisiting Bonifacio's controversial history". Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  3. ^ "Recognition sought for Bonifacio as 1st Tagalog Republic president". The Manila Times. November 29, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Gates, J. M. (1984). War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898-1902. Pacific Historical Review, 53(3), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.2307/3639234
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference cloudfelter2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ (Spanish: Revolución Filipina); (Filipino: Himagsikang Pilipino / Rebolusyong Pilipino (Spanish: Guerra Tagala) by the Spanish,Alexander M. Bielakowski (2013). Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: A-L. ABC-CLIO. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-59884-427-6.
  7. ^ Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996), "Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution", Sulyap Kultura, 1 (2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from the original on November 15, 2010, retrieved July 8, 2009
  8. ^ a b Guerrero, Custodio & Dalisay 1998
  9. ^ Newton-Matza, Mitchell (March 2014). Disasters and Tragic Events: An Encyclopedia of Catastrophes in American History. ABC-CLIO. p. 165.
  10. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1181.
  11. ^ Wesling, Meg (2011). Empire's Proxy: American Literature and U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines. NYU Press. p. 39.
  12. ^ Halstead 1898, p. 318
  13. ^ Kalaw 1927, pp. 199–200
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference WarProclamation was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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