The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Koinē Greek: Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs), also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India.
The text has been ascribed to different dates between the first and third centuries, but a mid-first-century date is now the most commonly accepted. While the author is unknown, it is a first-hand description by someone familiar with the area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean.
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around 110 BCE. The PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea or Red Sea was written by a Greek ofthe Hellenistic/Romanized Alexandrian in the first century CE. It...
Abiria was the country ofthe Abhira Kshatriyas. It is mentioned in thePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea and by Ptolemy in his Geographia. ThePeriplus mentions...
Pliny's classical work The Natural History as well as in PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea. It was believed to be the capital ofthe Ay kingdom. Nakkada near...
over Adulis enabled the exchange of Ethiopian products for foreign imports. Both Pliny the Elder and thePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea make reference to...
candidate sites. The ancient PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea described Rhapta as "the last emporion of Azania", two days' travel south ofthe Menouthias islands...
"the island ofthe Dioscuri" in thePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea, a first-century CE Greek navigation aid. The Hoq Cave contains a large number of inscriptions...
romanized: Menuthias – as mentioned in ThePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea) is the largest and most populated island ofthe Zanzibar archipelago, in Tanzania...
until the present.: 32 Menouthias Rhapta Zanj Coast PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea, 15 Collins & Pisarevsky (2004). "Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: The evolution...
in and contemporary with the 1st-century AD PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea. The two Greek manuscripts ofthePeriplus give the names Greek: Χαριβαήλ, Kharibaḗl...
— PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea, Chap. 41 Under the Western Satraps, Barigaza was one ofthe main centers of Roman trade with India. ThePeriplus describes...
travel book PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea (1st century AD) gives an elaborate description ofthe Chera Kingdom. ...then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets...
mentioned in the Graeco-Roman writings. According to thePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea, Tyndis was located north of port Muziris in the country ofthe Cerobothra...
became the city of Zeila. According to thePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea, Avalites was located on the Far-Side market south of Adulis, stood near the entrance...
Independence, have written histories that predate the colonial era. ThePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea, ofthe 1st century, mentions a marketplace named Poduke...
of emperor Ashoka ofthe Magadha Empire in the 3rd century BCE, as Cerobothra by the Greek PeriplusoftheErythraeanSea and as Celebothras in the Roman...
river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia" — ThePeriplusoftheErythraeanSea (53–54) ThePeriplus Maris Erythraei...