1648 peace treaties ending the Thirty Years' War and Eighty Years' War
Peace of Westphalia
Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster
The historic town hall of Münster where the treaty was signed
Type
Peace treaty
End of the Thirty Years' War
Drafted
1646–1648
Signed
24 October 1648
Location
Osnabrück and Münster, Westphalia, Holy Roman Empire
Parties
109
Languages
Latin
The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced[vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐˈfʁiːdə]ⓘ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire, participated in the treaties.[1]
The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control. A total of 109 delegations arrived to represent the belligerent states, but not all delegations were present at the same time. Two treaties were signed to end the war in the Empire: the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück.[2][3] These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire, with the Habsburgs (rulers of Austria and Spain) and their Catholic allies on one side, battling the Protestant powers (Sweden and certain Holy Roman principalities) allied with France (though Catholic, strongly anti-Habsburg under King Louis XIV).
Several scholars of international relations have identified the Peace of Westphalia as the origin of principles crucial to modern international relations,[4] collectively known as Westphalian sovereignty. However, some historians have argued against this, suggesting that such views emerged during the nineteenth and twentieth century in relation to concerns about sovereignty during that time.[5]
^Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7.
^"APW Einführung". www.pax-westphalica.de. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
^"Peace of Westphalia | Definition, Map, Results, & Significance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
^Patton, Steven (2019). "The Peace of Westphalia and it Affects on International Relations, Diplomacy and Foreign Policy". The Histories. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^Osiander, Andreas (2001). "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth". International Organization. 55 (2): 251–287. doi:10.1162/00208180151140577. JSTOR 3078632. S2CID 145407931. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
and 19 Related for: Peace of Westphalia information
The PeaceofWestphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə] ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October...
Westphalia (/wɛstˈfeɪliə/; German: Westfalen [vɛstˈfaːlən]; Low German: Westfalen [vεs(t)ˈfɔːln]) is a region of northwestern Germany and one of the three...
developed in Europe after the PeaceofWestphalia in 1648, based on the state theory of Jean Bodin and the natural law teachings of Hugo Grotius. It underlies...
Catholicism as the official confession of their state. Calvinism was not allowed until the PeaceofWestphalia. The Peaceof Augsburg has been described as "the...
Barring the loss of Franche-Comté in 1678, the external borders of the Empire did not change noticeably from the PeaceofWestphalia – which acknowledged...
are often marked by grand peace settlements, such as the earlier mentioned treaties ofWestphalia (1645–48), the treaties of Ryswick and Utrecht (1697/1714)...
coast of West Africa as well, but these were not designed for Swedish settlers. At the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, the PeaceofWestphalia in 1648...
Germany, in recognition of the PeaceofWestphalia negotiated there Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, sometimes known as the "city ofpeace" due to the many diplomatic...
independence from the federal assembly, known as the States General. In the PeaceofWestphalia (1648) the republic gained approximately 20% more territory, located...
which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in 1648. In 1648, Anne and Mazarin successfully negotiated the PeaceofWestphalia, which ended the Thirty Years'...
one third of its population, a mortality rate twice that of World War I. The PeaceofWestphalia broadly resolved the conflicts by recognising three separate...
Roman Empire was formally recognised in the PeaceofWestphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and...
days of Martin Luther, political and national convictions again outweighed religious convictions in Europe. Two main tenets of the PeaceofWestphalia, which...
University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-18017-5. OCLC 781301164. Gross, Leo (January 1948). "The PeaceofWestphalia" (PDF). The American Journal of International...
role of the guarantors was first defined in the PeaceofWestphalia (24 October 1648) that ended the Thirty Years' War, specifically in Article 17 of the...
The Kingdom ofWestphalia was a client state of France in present-day Germany that existed from 1807 to 1813. While formally independent, it was ruled...
ended with the adoption of the incredibly consequential PeaceofWestphalia. This period also saw the emergence of the Kingdom of Prussia as the primary...