Operation Juniper Shield information

Operation Juniper Shield
	Part of the War on terror (Islamist insurgency in the Sahel)
	; A United States special forces NCO watches weapons marksmanship training for a member of a Malian counter-terrorism unit in December 2010.
Date	6 February 2007 – ongoing; (17 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
Location	Sahara Desert and North Africa, West Africa
Result	Ongoing
Belligerents
Algeria ; Morocco ; Mauritania; Tunisia; Burkina Faso; Chad; Mali ; Niger; Nigeria; Senegal; Cameroon; Togo; Ghana; Ivory Coast; Benin; Cape Verde; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; Sierra Leone; Supported & Trained By: United States ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Netherlands ; Spain ; United Kingdom ; Denmark ; Czech Republic ; Sweden ;	Islamic militants al-Qaeda; Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin; MOJWA (until 2013); AQIM; Al-Mourabitoun (until 2017); Ansar al-Sharia; Macina Liberation Front; Ansar Dine (until 2017); Boko Haram (partially aligned with ISIL since 2015); Ansaru; ISIL Islamic State in the Greater Sahara ; (2015–present); Islamic State – West Africa Province;
Commanders and leaders
Abdelmadjid Tebboune ; (2019–present); Aymen Benabderrahmane ; (2021–present); Mohammed VI ; (2007–present); Aziz Akhannouch ; (2021–present); Mohamed Ould Ghazouani ; (2019–present); Mohamed Ould Bilal ; (2020–present); Kais Saied ; (2019–present); Ahmed Hachani ; (2023–present); Ibrahim Traoré ; (2022–present); Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla ; (2022–present); Mahamat Déby ; (2021–present); Saleh Kebzabo ; (2022–present); Assimi Goïta ; (2021–present); Choguel Kokalla Maïga ; (2021–present); Abdourahamane Tchiani ; (2023–present); Ali Lamine Zeine ; (2023–present); Bola Tinubu ; (2023–present); Macky Sall ; (2012–present); Amadou Ba ; (2022–present); Paul Biya ; (2007–present); Joseph Ngute ; (2019–present); Faure Gnassingbé ; (2007–present); Victoire Tomegah Dogbé ; (2020–present); Nana Akufo-Addo ; (2017–present); Alassane Ouattara ; (2010–present); Patrick Achi ; (2021–present); Patrice Talon ; (2016–present); José Maria Neves ; (2021–present); Ulisses Correia e Silva ; (2016–present); Adama Barrow ; (2017–present); Mamady Doumbouya ; (2021–present); Bernard Goumou ; (2022–present); Umaro Sissoco Embaló ; (2020–present); Geraldo Martins ; (2023–present); George Weah ; (2018–present); Julius Maada Bio ; (2018–present); Joe Biden ; (2021–present); Charles III ; (2022–present); Rishi Sunak ; (2022–present); Mary Simon ; (2021–present); Justin Trudeau ; (2015–present); Emmanuel Macron ; (2017–present); Élisabeth Borne ; (2022–present); Frank-Walter Steinmeier ; (2017–present); Olaf Scholz ; (2021–present); Willem-Alexander ; (2013–present); Mark Rutte ; (2010–present); Felipe VI ; (2014–present); Pedro Sánchez ; (2018–present); Margrethe II ; (2007–present); Mette Frederiksen ; (2019–present); Petr Pavel ; (2023–present); Petr Fiala ; (2021–present); Carl XVI Gustaf ; (2007–present); Ulf Kristersson ; (2022–present); Former Abdelaziz Bouteflika † ; Abdelkader Bensalah † ; Abdelaziz Belkhadem ; Ahmed Ouyahia ; Abdelmalek Sellal ; Youcef Yousfi ; Noureddine Bedoui ; Sabri Boukadoum ; Abdelaziz Djerad ; Driss Jettou ; Abbas El Fassi ; Abdelilah Benkirane ; Saadeddine Othmani ; Ely Ould Mohamed Vall ; Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi ; Ba Mamadou Mbaré ; Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ; Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar ; Zeine Ould Zeidane ; Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef ; Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf ; Yahya Ould Hademine ; Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir ; Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya ; Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ; Mohamed Ghannouchi ; Fouad Mebazaa ; Moncef Marzouki ; Beji Caid Essebsi ; Mohamed Ennaceur ; Hamadi Jebali ; Ali Laarayedh ; Mehdi Jomaa ; Habib Essid ; Youssef Chahed ; Elyes Fakhfakh ; Hichem Mechichi ; Najla Bouden ; Blaise Compaoré ; Honoré Traoré ; Yacouba Isaac Zida ; Michel Kafando ; Gilbert Diendéré ; Chérif Sy ; Roch Marc Christian Kaboré ; Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba ; Paramanga Ernest Yonli ; Tertius Zongo ; Luc-Adolphe Tiao ; Paul Kaba Thieba ; Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré ; Lassina Zerbo ; Albert Ouédraogo ; Idriss Déby † ; Pascal Yoadimnadji ; Adoum Younousmi ; Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye ; Youssouf Saleh Abbas ; Emmanuel Nadingar ; Djimrangar Dadnadji ; Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet ; Albert Pahimi Padacké ; Amadou Toumani Touré ; Amadou Sanogo ; Dioncounda Traoré ; Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ; Bah Ndaw ; Ousmane Issoufi Maïga ; Modibo Sidibé ; Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé ; Cheick Modibo Diarra ; Django Sissoko ; Oumar Tatam Ly ; Moussa Mara ; Modibo Keita ; Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga ; Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga ; Boubou Cissé ; Moctar Ouane ; Abdoulaye Maïga ; Mamadou Tandja ; Salou Djibo ; Mahamadou Issoufou ; Mohamed Bazoum ; Hama Amadou ; Seyni Oumarou ; Albadé Abouba ; Ali Badjo Gamatié ; Mahamadou Danda ; Brigi Rafini ; Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou ; Olusegun Obasanjo ; Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ; Goodluck Jonathan ; Muhammadu Buhari ; Abdoulaye Wade ; Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré ; Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye ; Abdoul Mbaye ; Aminata Touré ; Mahammed Dionne ; Ephraïm Inoni ; Philémon Yang ; Yawovi Agboyibo ; Komlan Mally ; Gilbert Houngbo ; Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu ; Komi Sélom Klassou ; John Kufuor ; John Atta Mills ; John Mahama ; Laurent Gbagbo ; Charles Konan Banny † ; Guillaume Soro ; Gilbert Aké ; Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio ; Daniel Kablan Duncan ; Amadou Gon Coulibaly † ; Hamed Bakayoko † ; Mathieu Kérékou ; Thomas Boni Yayi ; Pascal Koupaki ; Lionel Zinsou ; Pedro Pires ; Jorge Carlos Fonseca ; José Maria Neves ; Yahya Jammeh ; Lansana Conté ; Moussa Dadis Camara ; Sékouba Konaté ; Alpha Condé ; Eugène Camara ; Lansana Kouyaté ; Ahmed Tidiane Souaré ; Kabiné Komara ; Jean-Marie Doré ; Mohamed Said Fofana ; Mamady Youla ; Ibrahima Kassory Fofana ; Mohamed Béavogui ; João Bernardo Vieira ; Raimundo Pereira ; Malam Bacai Sanhá ; Mamadu Ture Kuruma ; Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo ; José Mário Vaz ; Aristides Gomes ; Martinho Ndafa Kabi ; Carlos Correia ; Carlos Gomes Júnior ; Adiato Djaló Nandigna ; Rui Duarte de Barros ; Domingos Simões Pereira ; Baciro Djá ; Artur Silva ; Faustino Imbali ; Nuno Gomes Nabiam ; Ellen Johnson Sirleaf ; Ahmad Tejan Kabbah ; Ernest Bai Koroma ; George W. Bush ; Barack Obama ; Donald Trump ; Elizabeth II ; Tony Blair ; Gordon Brown ; David Cameron ; Theresa May ; Boris Johnson ; Liz Truss ; Michaëlle Jean ; David Johnston ; Julie Payette ; Stephen Harper ; Jacques Chirac ; Nicolas Sarkozy ; François Hollande ; Dominique de Villepin ; François Fillon ; Jean-Marc Ayrault ; Manuel Valls ; Bernard Cazeneuve ; Édouard Philippe ; Jean Castex ; Horst Köhler ; Christian Wulff ; Joachim Gauck ; Angela Merkel ; Beatrix ; Jan Peter Balkenende ; Juan Carlos I ; José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero ; Mariano Rajoy ; Anders Fogh Rasmussen ; Lars Løkke Rasmussen ; Helle Thorning-Schmidt ; Václav Klaus ; Miloš Zeman ; Mirek Topolánek ; Jan Fischer ; Petr Nečas ; Jiří Rusnok ; Bohuslav Sobotka ; Andrej Babiš ; Fredrik Reinfeldt ; Stefan Löfven ; Magdalena Andersson ;	Abdelmalek Droukdel † ; Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi ; Mokhtar Belmokhtar †; Tiyib Ould Sidi Ali †; Athmane Touati ; Winan Bin Yousef (POW)
Strength
1,325+ American advisors & trainers;; 900 Moroccans;; 400 Malians;; 250 Algerians;; 200 Chadians;; <1,000 Mauritanians;; 25 Senegalese medical doctors	AQIM: 400-4,000 ; Tuaregs: ~1,000; Boko Haram: 300–2,000+
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown
	Causes: September 11 attacks and 2003 Casablanca bombings

Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa is Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA).

Congress approved $500 million for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in counterterrorism against alleged threats of al-Qaeda operating in African countries, primarily Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria, and Morocco.^[25] This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004^[26] and focused on weapon and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism.^[27] TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements include USAID educational efforts, airport security, Department of the Treasury, and State Department efforts.^[28]

Canada deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara.^[2] Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.^[2]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight". Montreal Gazette. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference Atlas Accord was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base". France 24 news. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
^ "Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists". CNN. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
^ "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
^ "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
^ "The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)". fmn.dk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
^ Maclean, Ruth; O’Reilly, Finbarr (29 March 2020). "Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
^ Forces, Swedish Armed. "Swedish Special Forces to Mali". Försvarsmakten. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
^ ^a ^b Comolli (2015), pp. 28, 103, 171.
^ "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
^ Lamothe, Dan (29 December 2014). "Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.
^ "Training in Trans-Sahara Africa". USASOC News Service. United States Army Special Operations Command. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
^ "Al-Qaeda in North Africa appoints new leader after killing". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2020.
^ "Hosted news". Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2016..
^ "Mauritania army raid killed al-Qaida group leader". Miami Herald. 23 October 2011.
^ "AQIM Leader Surrenders in Algeria". News24. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
^ "Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested". ADN Kronos. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
^ ^a ^b "U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise". World Tribune. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
^ "Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources". Reuters Africa. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
^ "Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter". Reuters. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
^ "Tuaregs Use Qaddafi's Arms for Rebellion in Mali". The New York Times. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
^ "5 Facts About Boko Haram". 24/7 Nigeria news update. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
^ "US to get Africa command centre". BBC News. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
^ "EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives". EUCOM. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
^ "Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
^ "Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.

[Flintlock-1] "Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal". AFRICOM. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012.

[CSOR_Deployment-2] "Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight". Montreal Gazette. 2 December 2011. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012.

[Atlas_Accord-3] Cite error: The named reference Atlas Accord was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[execution-4] "French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base". France 24 news. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.

[5] "Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists". CNN. 27 September 2011. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.

[6] "US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara". BBC. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2012.

[7] "Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help". Reuters Africa. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

[8] "The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)". fmn.dk. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2020.

[9] Maclean, Ruth; O’Reilly, Finbarr (29 March 2020). "Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.

[10] Forces, Swedish Armed. "Swedish Special Forces to Mali". Försvarsmakten. Retrieved 18 November 2020.

[FOOTNOTEComolli201528,_103,_171-11] Comolli (2015), pp. 28, 103, 171.

[12] "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[13] Lamothe, Dan (29 December 2014). "Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017 – via www.WashingtonPost.com.

[14] "Training in Trans-Sahara Africa". USASOC News Service. United States Army Special Operations Command. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

[15] "Al-Qaeda in North Africa appoints new leader after killing". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2020.

[AQIM_got_arms-16] "Hosted news". Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2016..

[17] "Mauritania army raid killed al-Qaida group leader". Miami Herald. 23 October 2011.

[18] "AQIM Leader Surrenders in Algeria". News24. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.

[adnkronos.com-19] "Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested". ADN Kronos. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.

[African_Lion-20] "U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise". World Tribune. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.

[AQIM_Camps-21] "Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources". Reuters Africa. 5 August 2011. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

[22] "Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter". Reuters. 11 February 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

[23] "Tuaregs Use Qaddafi's Arms for Rebellion in Mali". The New York Times. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.

[24] "5 Facts About Boko Haram". 24/7 Nigeria news update. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.

[AFRICA-TO-GET-ITS-OWN-US-MILITARY-COMMAND-25] "US to get Africa command centre". BBC News. 6 February 2007. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2011.

[EUCOM-OPERATIONS-AND-INITIATIVES-26] "EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives". EUCOM. Archived from the original on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.

[PAN-SAHEL-INITIATIVE-27] "Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.

[OEF-TS-GLOBALSECURITY-28] "Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS)". Global Security. Archived from the original on 15 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.

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