Global InformationMusic of Africa information
Given the vastness of the African continent, its music is diverse, with regions and nations having many distinct musical traditions. African music includes the genres amapiano, jùjú, fuji, afrobeat, highlife, Congolese rumba, soukous, ndombolo, makossa, kizomba,Taarab and others.[1] African music also uses a large variety of instruments from all across the continent. The music and dance of the African diaspora, formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions, include American music like Dixieland jazz, blues, jazz, and many Caribbean genres, such as calypso (see kaiso) and soca. Latin American music genres such as cumbia, salsa music, son cubano, rumba, conga, bomba, samba and zouk were founded on the music of enslaved Africans, and have in turn influenced African popular music.[1][2]
Like the music of Asia, India and the Middle East, it is a highly rhythmic music. The complex rhythmic patterns often involving one rhythm played against another to create a polyrhythm. The most common polyrhythm plays three beats on top of two, like a triplet played against straight notes. Sub-Saharan African music traditions frequently rely on percussion instruments of many varieties, including xylophones, djembes, drums, and tone-producing instruments such as the mbira or "thumb piano."[2][3]
Another distinguishing form of African music is its call-and-response style: one voice or instrument plays a short melodic phrase, and that phrase is echoed by another voice or instrument. The call-and-response nature extends to the rhythm, where one drum will play a rhythmic pattern, echoed by another drum playing the same pattern. African music is also highly improvised. A core rhythmic pattern is typically played, with drummers then improvising new patterns over the static original patterns.
Traditional music in most of the continent is passed down through oral tradition. There are subtle differences in pitch and intonation that do not easily translate to Western notation. African music most closely adheres to Western tetratonic (four-note), pentatonic (five-note), hexatonic (six-note), and heptatonic (seven-note) scales. Harmonization of the melody is accomplished by singing in parallel thirds, fourths, or fifths (see Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony).
Music is important to religion in Africa, where rituals and religious ceremonies use music to pass down stories from generation to generation as well as to sing and dance to.[4] Additionally, music is important to the culture as a whole, not only as a form of religious and self-expression, but also as a form of media to communicate about important demographic issues, politics, and morals.[5]Music in Africa is embedded into every aspect of life and at every social transitions.[6]
Many other cultures have studied African music though time, hence the mass influence that it has had on others. For instance, in December 2002, the Swiss Society for Ethnomusicology held multiple conferences in an attempt to study the music of Ghana. The ethnomusicologists taking part in the study looked to learn aspects of history through music, along with its traditions. Additionally, some ethnomusicologists, such as John Collins, looked to study more specific aspects of music from Ghana, such as the presence of Christianity in popular music.[7]
African Music has a deep relationship with the community. African music is made for both public enjoyment and public participation; which makes African music fall under the category of Community Music, where active community and public participation in music making is encouraged. It is this importance of community that establishes Christopher Small's idea of Social Happiness and musicking[8], which is wildly important in this culture.[9][10][11]
- ^ a b Collins, Professor John (2002). "African Popular Music". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Definitions of Styles and Genres: Traditional and Contemporary African Music". CBMR. Columbia University. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
- ^ Estrella, Espie. "African music". Music Education. about.com. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
- ^ Floyd, Samuel A. (1995). The Power of Black Music: Interpreting Its History from Africa to the United States. Oxford University Press. pp. 14–34.
- ^ Darkwa, Asante (1987). "Culture and communication: music, song and dance as medium of communications in África". Revista África. 10: 131–139.
- ^ Tracey, Hugh (30 November 1958). "African music within its social setting". African Music : Journal of the International Library of African Music. 2 (1): 56–58. doi:10.21504/amj.v2i1.531. ISSN 2524-2741.
- ^ Arlt, Veit; Lichtenhahn, Ernst (2004). "Recordings of African Popular Music: A Valuable Source for Historians of Africa" (PDF). History in Africa. 31: 389–391. doi:10.1017/S0361541300003557. JSTOR 4128534. S2CID 162213045. ProQuest 274597775.
- ^ "Definition of MUSICKING". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Bebey, Francis (1 August 1999). African Music: A People's Art. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-61374-661-5.
- ^ Borgo, David (1 January 2004). "Play of Meaning and the Meaning of Play in Jazz, The". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 11 (3–4): 174–190.
- ^ Anku, Willie. "Circles and Time: A Theory of Structural Organization of Rhythm in African Music" (PDF). Hugo Ribeiro.