Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus information
1917–1922 independent state in the North Caucasus
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
1917[1]–1922[2]
Flag[3][4][5][6]
The banner adopted by the first Confederation of Mountain Peoples, May 1917[3][4][5]
Capital
Temir-Khan-Shura(now Buynaksk)
Religion
Sunni Islam (majority and state-backed faith) Russian Orthodox Church (minority)
Demonym(s)
North Caucasian
Government
Confederated parliamentary republic under a provisional government
• 11 May 1918 – December 1918
Tapa Tchermoeff
• December 1918 – 12 May 1919
Pshemakho Kotsev
Establishment
History
• Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus within Russia[7]
6 March 1917
• Independence declared
1 May 1917
• Replaced by Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
November 1922
• Established
1917[1]
• Disestablished
1922[2]
Area
• Total
430,874 km2 (166,361 sq mi)
Population
• 1919 census
11,221,860[8]
Currency
Tumen
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Russian Republic
Goverment-in-exile
Today part of
Russia
The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC), also referred to as the United Republics of the North Caucasus, Mountain Republic, or the Republic of the Mountaineers, was a state in Eurasia and encompassing the entirety of the North Caucasus that emerged during the Russian Civil War and existed from 1917 to 1922. It formed as a consolidation of various Caucasian ethnic groups, including the Abkhazians, Abazins Circassians, Chechens, Karachays, Ossetians, Balkars, Ingush, and Dagestanis.
The MRNC encompassed the former territories of Terek Oblast and Dagestan Oblast within the Russian Empire. These territories now constitute the present-day republics of Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia–Alania, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan, and a portion of Stavropol Krai in the Russian Federation. Spanning approximately 430,874 square kilometers (166,361 sq mi), the MRNC had a population of approximately 11.2 million. Throughout its existence, the capital of the MRNC relocated from Vladikavkaz to Nazran and ultimately settled in Temir-Khan-Shura.
The MRNC broke away from the Russian Empire after the February Revolution, just before the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. The Russian Volunteer Army captured the state in 1922, and it ceased to exist.[9] However, in September 1919, the North Caucasian Emirate was proclaimed as the successor of the Mountain Republic.[10] However, in August 1920, it was captured by the Soviet Russia, which led to an uprising.[11] In April 1921, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established by the Bolsheviks within the RSFSR, but the uprising lasted until 1925.[12]
^Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 55. ISBN 9789004179011. On 11 May 1918 the independence of the Republic of the North Caucasus was declared. The government sought international recognition and when on 8 June 1918 a Treaty of Friendship was signed with Turkey this implied recognition of the new Republic.
^Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011. The government of Kotsev was not able to defend its territory, and in May 1919 the White Army of Denikin conquered the territory of the Mountain Republic in Chechnya and Daghestan, and the Mountain Republic ceased to exist.
^ abThe Flag Bulletin, vol. 148. The Flag Research Center. 1992. p. 184.
^ ab"Северный Кавказ, 1917-1945 гг". vexillographia.ru (in Russian).
^ abKathleen R. Jackson, Marat Fidarov: Essays on the History of the North Caucasus, HHN Media, New York, 2009.
^«После Февральской революции 1917 г. процесс политического самоопределения привел к образованию Карачаево-Балкарского штата в составе горской республики.» (ИЭА Российской академии наук. Серия энциклопедий «Народы и культуры», «Карачаевцы. Балкарцы.» — М.: Наука, ИЭА РАН, 2014. — С. 7. — 815 с. ISBN 978-5-02-038043-1.)
^Лобавнов, Артемьев; Артемьев А. С. (2019). "Владикавказский съезд горских народов Северного Кавказа в мае 1917 г." Современная научная мысль. p. 74. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24.
^L'Europe orientale (Paris. 1919), N2
^Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011. The government of Kotsev was not able to defend its territory, and in May 1919 the White Army of Denikin conquered the territory of the Mountain Republic in Chechnya and Daghestan, and the Mountain Republic ceased to exist.
^Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011. In 1919 Sheikh Uzun Haji, Pshemakho Kotsev and Sheikh Akushinskii called for a fight against the White or Volunteer Army of Denikin and in September 1919 the Emirate of the North Caucasus was proclaimed, comprising the North of Daghestan, Chechnya and part of Ingushetia. To secularist nationalists the Emirate was seen as the successor of the Mountain Republic.
^Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 9789004179011. In August 1920 however, the Bolshevik army attacked Chechnya from the north, and the leaders of the emirate called for a jihad, asking the grandson of Imam Shamil, Sait Shamil, to lead the fight. He was one of the two survivors of this fight and later fled to Turkey.
^Charlotte, Hille (2010). State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus. Brill. p. 57. ISBN 9789004179011. It took the Russians until 1925 to arrest and kill Gotsinskii. The uprising was inter alia successful because the Caucasians obeyed the requests of the Sufi clerics who organized the revolt. In April 1921 a Mountain ASSR, of which Chechen territory was part, was established within the RSFSR. On 20 January 1921 the Daghestan ASSR was declared. On 30 November 1922 a Chechen Autonomous Oblast was created.
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