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Makhuwa language information


Makhuwa
Emakuana
Native toMozambique, Tanzania
EthnicityMakua
Native speakers
8.6 million (2017)[1]
Language family
Niger–Congo?
  • Atlantic–Congo
    • Volta-Congo
      • Benue–Congo
        • Bantoid
          • Southern Bantoid
            • Bantu
              • Southern Bantu
                • Makua languages
                  • Makhuwa
Writing system
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
vmw – Central Makhuwa
mgh – Makhuwa-Meetto
vmk – Makhuwa-Shirima
kzn – Kokola
llb – Lolo
mny – Manyawa
vmr – Marenje
tke – Takwane
xmc – Makhuwa-Marrevone
xsq – Makhuwa-Saka
Glottologmaku1279  Makua–Lomwe; adds Lomwe & Moniga
chuw1239  Chuwaboic; adds Chuwabo
koko1267  Kokola
many1259  Manyawa
Guthrie code
P.31[2]
A Makhuwa family in Nampula.

Makhuwa (Emakhuwa; also spelt Makua and Macua) is the primary Bantu language of northern Mozambique. It is spoken by four million Makua people, who live north of the Zambezi River, particularly in Nampula Province, which is virtually entirely ethnically Makua.[3] It is the most widely spoken indigenous language of Mozambique.

Apart from the languages in the same group, eMakhuwa is distinguished from other Bantu languages by the loss of consonant + vowel prefixes in favour of e; compare epula, "rain", with Tswana pula.

Long and short vowels distinguish five vowel qualities /i e a o u/, which is unusually sparse for a Bantu language:

  • omala - to finish
  • omaala - to paste, stick
  • omela - to sprout, bud
  • omeela - to share out

The consonants are more complex: postalveolar tt and tth exist, both p and ph are used. Both x (English "sh") and h exist while x varies with s. Regionally, there are also θ (the "th" of English "thorn"), ð (the "th" of English "seethe"), z and ng. For instance in eLomwe, to which Makhuwa is closely related, the tt of eMakhuwa is represented by a "ch" as in English "church".[3]

  1. ^ Central Makhuwa at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Makhuwa-Meetto at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Makhuwa-Shirima at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Kokola at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Lolo at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Manyawa at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
  2. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  3. ^ a b Relatório do I Seminário sobre a Padronização da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas. NELIMO, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 1989.

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