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History of the Islamic Republic of Iran information


One of the most dramatic changes in government in Iran's history was seen with the 1979 Iranian Revolution where Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown and replaced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The authoritarian monarchy was replaced by a long-lasting Shiite Islamic republic based on the principle of guardianship of Islamic jurists, (or Velayat-e faqih), where Shiite jurists serve as head of state and in many powerful governmental roles. A pro-Western, pro-American foreign policy was exchanged for one of "neither east nor west", said to rest on the three "pillars" of mandatory veil (hijab) for women, and opposition to the United States and Israel.[1] A rapidly modernizing capitalist economy[2][3] was replaced by a populist and Islamic economy and culture.

The leader of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, was the Supreme Leader of Iran until his death in 1989.[4] He was followed by Ali Khamenei.

From 1999 to present, there have been a series of political/social/economic protest movements in Iran, the July 1999 student protests, 2009 presidential election protests, protests in 2011–2012, 2019–2020 and the 2022-2023 Mahsa Amini protests. All have been violently suppressed by the government and several hundred people have been killed.[5]

  1. ^ Sadjadpour, Karmin. "Reading Khamenei: The World View of Iran's Most Powerful Leader" (PDF). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-27.
  2. ^ ["Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution", p.133, 227
  3. ^ Iran: The Illusion of Power by Robert Graham, p.18, 19, 20, 83
  4. ^ "international relations: The Iranian revolution". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15.
  5. ^ "FACT SHEET: Protests in Iran 1979-2023". The Iran Primer. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2023.

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