Global InformationHaiti information
Republic of Haiti République d'Haïti (French) Repiblik d Ayiti (Haitian Creole)[1] | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
| Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (French)[2] Motto on traditional coat of arms:"Libète, Egalite, Fratènite" (Haitian Creole) "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" "L'union fait la force" (French) "Inite se fòs" (Haitian Creole)[3] "Union makes strength" | |
| Anthem: La Dessalinienne (French) Desalinyèn (Haitian Creole) "The Dessalines Song" | |
  | |
| Capital and largest city | Port-au-Prince 18°32′N 72°20′W / 18.533°N 72.333°W |
| Official languages |
|
| Ethnic groups | 95% Black 5% Mixed or White[4] |
| Religion (2020)[5] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Haitian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under an interim government |
• President | Vacant |
• Prime Minister | Michel Patrick Boisvert (acting)[a][6] |
• President of the Court of Cassation | Jean Joseph Lebrun |
| Legislature | National Assembly[b] |
• Upper house | Senate[b] (vacant) |
• Lower house | Chamber of Deputies[b] (vacant) |
| Independence | |
• Declared | 1 January 1804 |
• Recognized | 17 April 1825 |
• First Empire | 22 September 1804 |
• Southern Republic | 9 March 1806 |
• Northern State | 17 October 1806 |
• Kingdom | 28 March 1811 |
• Unification of Hispaniola | 9 February 1822 |
• Dissolution | 27 February 1844 |
• Second Empire | 26 August 1849 |
• Republic | 15 January 1859 |
• United States occupation | 28 July 1915 – 1 August 1934 |
• Current constitution | 29 March 1987 |
| Area | |
• Total | 27,750[7] km2 (10,710 sq mi) (143rd) |
• Water (%) | 0.7 |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 11,470,261[8] (83rd) |
• Density | 382/km2 (989.4/sq mi) (32nd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total |  $38.952 billion[9] (144th) |
• Per capita | $3,185[9] (174th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $25.986 billion[9] (139th) |
• Per capita | $2,125[9] (172nd) |
| Gini (2012) | 41.1[10] medium |
| HDI (2022) |  0.552[11]medium (158th) |
| Currency | Gourde (G) (HTG) |
| Time zone | UTC−5 (EST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−4 (EDT) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +509 |
| ISO 3166 code | HT |
| Internet TLD | .ht |
Haiti,[c] officially the Republic of Haiti,[d][e] is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[18][19] Haiti is 27,750 km2 (10,714 sq mi), the third largest country in the Caribbean, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million,[20][21] making it the most populous Caribbean country. The capital is Port-au-Prince.
The island was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.[22] The first Europeans arrived in December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus.[23] Columbus founded the first European settlement in the Americas, La Navidad, on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti.[24][25][26][27] The island was claimed by Spain, forming part of the Spanish Empire until the early 17th century. Competing claims and settlements led to the west of the island being ceded to France in 1697, which was subsequently named Saint-Domingue. French colonists established sugarcane plantations, worked by enslaved persons brought from Africa, which made the colony one of the world's richest.
In the midst of the French Revolution, enslaved persons, maroons, and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), led by a former slave and general of the French Army, Toussaint Louverture. Napoleon's forces were defeated by Louverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines (later Emperor Jacques I), who declared Haiti's sovereignty on 1 January 1804, leading to a massacre of the French. The country became the first independent nation of the Caribbean, the second republic in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and only country established by a slave revolt.[28][29][30] President Jean-Pierre Boyer decided to invade and occupy Santo Domingo in February 1822, which eventually led to the long Haitian–Dominican war. Defeated, Haiti recognized Dominican independence in 1867, following their declaration in 1844. Haiti's first century of independence was characterized by political instability, ostracism by the international community, payment of a crippling debt to France and the vast cost of the war and the occupation of Santo Domingo. Political volatility and foreign economic influence prompted the US to occupy the country between 1915 and 1934. The last contingent of US Marines departed on August 15, 1934, after a formal transfer of authority to the Garde and Haïti regained its independence.[31] François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier took power in 1957, ushering in a long period of autocratic rule continued by his son, Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier, that lasted until 1986; the period was characterized by state-sanctioned violence against the opposition and civilians, corruption, and economic stagnation. The country endured a 2004 coup d'état, which prompted U.N. intervention, as well as a catastrophic earthquake in 2010 that killed over 250,000 people and a cholera outbreak. Many countries canceled Haiti's debt, including France and the United States. With its deteriorating economic situation,[32] Haiti has experienced a socioeconomic and political crisis marked by riots and protests, widespread hunger, and increased gang activity.[33] As of February 2023, Haiti has no remaining elected government officials and has been described as a failed state.[34][35]
Haiti is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of American States (OAS),[36] Association of Caribbean States,[37] and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. In addition to CARICOM, it is a member of the International Monetary Fund,[38] World Trade Organization,[39] and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas, as well as widespread slavery.
- ^ Konstitisyon Repiblik d Ayiti
- ^ "Article 4 of the Constitution". Haiti-reference.com. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ "After The Group Of G8, Now Come G30 Headed By Louko Desir". Haiti Observer. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CIA_20110303was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ Charles, Jacqueline (7 March 2024). "Armed gangs attack seaport facility; Haiti extends state of emergency, curfew for a month". Miami Herald. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ "Country Summary". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 1 September 2023 – via CIA.gov.
- ^ "Haiti". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Haiti)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ "Gini Index". The World Bank. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ "Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987". Ufdc.ufl.edu. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ "Catalogue description Haitian Declaration of Independence". 1 January 1804 – via National Archive of the UK.
- ^ "National Archives – Haiti" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ La Constitution Impériale du 20 mai 1805[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Remember Haiti | Revolution | Royaume d'Hayti. Déclaration du roi". brown.edu.
- ^ Corbett, Bob, ed. (9 November 2003). "17201: Corbett: Hayti and Haiti in the English language". Webster University. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
- ^ Dardik, Alan, ed. (2016). Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 978-3-319-33745-6. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
- ^ Josh, Jagran, ed. (2016). "Current Affairs November 2016 eBook". p. 93. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
national-geographicwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2005). Haiti (Cultures of the World). New York: Times Editions. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7614-1968-6. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
- ^ Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492". The American Historical Review: 854–865. doi:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854.
- ^ Maclean, Frances (January 2008). "The Lost Fort of Columbus". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
- ^ "Haïti histoire – 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade". Nilstremmel.com. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ^ "En Bas Saline". Florida Museum of Natural History. 20 September 2017.
- ^ Danticat, Edwidge (2005). "Anacaona, Golden Flower". Journal of Haitian Studies. 11 (2). New York: Scholastic Inc.: 163–165. ISBN 978-0-439-49906-4. JSTOR 41715319.
- ^ Matthewson, Tim (1996). "Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 140 (1): 22–48. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 987274.
- ^ "Country profile: Haiti". BBC News. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
- ^ p 223 – Benjamin Beede (1994). The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia (May 1, 1994 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. 784. ISBN 0-8240-5624-8.
The Haitian and U.S. governments reached a mutually satisfactory agreement in the Executive Accord of August 7, 1933, and on August 15, the last marines departed. - ^ Shellenberger, Michael (22 September 2022). "Haiti Riots Triggered By IMF Advice To Cut Fuel Subsidies". Forbes. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
- ^ Taylor, Luke (18 October 2022). "Haiti on verge of collapse, NGOs warn as UN talks on restoring order continue". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ Taylor, Luke (11 January 2023). "Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ Charles, Jacqueline (3 May 2023). "As violence in Haiti worsens, Canada bets on assistance to police". Miami Herald. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ OAS (1 August 2009). "OAS – Member State: Haiti". oas.org. OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development.
- ^ Press, ed. (2014). "Association of Caribbean States (1994–2014)" (PDF). p. 46. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
- ^ "International Monetary Fund: List of Members". imf.org.
- ^ "WTO ¦ World Trade Organization: Members and Observers". wto.org.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).