This article is about the 18th-century war. For wars with similar names, see Northern Wars.
Great Northern War
Part of the Northern Wars
From left to right:
Battle of Narva (1700)
Charles XII crossing the Düna (1701)
Peter I at the Battle of Poltava (1709)
Battle of Gadebusch (1712)
Bringing Home the Body of King Charles XII (1718)
Date
22 February 1700 – 10 September 1721 (21 years, 6 months and 2 weeks and 5 days, N.S.)
Location
Northern, Central and Eastern Europe
Result
Anti-Swedish coalition victory:
The Tsardom of Russia becomes the Russian Empire, establishing itself as a new power in Europe
Decline of the Swedish Empire
Decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Territorial changes
Treaty of Nystad: Russia gains the three dominions Estonia, Livonia and Ingria as well as parts of Kexholm and Viborg.
Treaties of Stockholm: Prussia gains parts of Swedish Pomerania; Hanover gains Bremen-Verden.
Treaty of Frederiksborg: Holstein–Gottorp loses its part of the Duchy of Schleswig to Denmark-Norway.
Treaty of the Pruth: Azov area is ceded back to the Ottoman Empire. Russia demolishes strategic castles such as Taganrog. Charles XII of Sweden gets safe passage from Turkey to Sweden in 1711.
175,000 killed by famine, disease and exhaustion[12]
(including over 40,000 Finns who died in combat or other ways).[13]
Total: 295,000 dead
20,000 Russians killed in combat [14]
110,000+ killed by famine, disease and exhaustion. Likely much higher figure based on the circumstances of campaigns and battles.[15]
14,000–20,000 Poles, Saxons and 8,000 Danes (70,000 Danes total) killed in the larger battles between 1709–1719.[16]
v
t
e
Great Northern War
Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp (1700)
1st Tönning
Reinbek
Humlebæk
Swedish Baltic dominions
1st Riga
Varja
1st Narva
Düna
Rauge
Erastfer
Hummelshof
Nöteborg
Systerbäck
Wesenberg
2nd Narva
Neva
Koporye
Kolkanpää
2nd Riga
Courland and Western Lithuania
Tryškiai
Darsūniškis
Vilnius
Saločiai
Jakobstadt
Palanga
Gemauerthof
1st Grodno
Valkininkai
Kletsk
2nd Grodno
Poland and Saxony
Kliszów
Pułtusk
Thorn
Poznań
Lemberg
Poniec
Warsaw
Praga
Fraustadt
Rosenhain
Frauenwald
Kalisz
Koniecpol
Russia and Eastern Lithuania
Petschora
Holowczyn
Malatitze
Rajovka
Lesnaya
Desna
Baturyn
Veprik
Oposhnya
Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye
Sokolki
Poltava
Perevolochna
Sweden proper (including Finland)
Helsingborg
(2nd Viborg
Helsinki
Pälkäne
Napue)
Göteborg
Strömstad
Marstrand
Stäket
Moldavia
Pruth Campaign
Bender
Swedish German dominions
Wismar
Usedom
Stresow
Stralsund
Mecklenburg and Holstein-Gottorp
Gadebusch
2nd Tönning
Norway
Høland
Dynekilen
Fredriksten
Carolean Death March
Naval battles
Køge Bay
Fladstrand
Hogland
Gangut
Fehmarn
Rügen
Ösel
Grengam
Treaties
v
t
e
Dano-Swedish wars
Brávellir
Fýrisvellir
Helgeå
Lena
Gestilren
Hova
6000 mark war
Battle of Mjölkalånga
Kalundborg War
Visby
Battle of Åsle
Union Wars
1434-1436
Haraker
1470–1471
1501–1512
1512–1520
Swedish Liberation War
Northern Seven Years' War
Kalmar War
Torstenson War
Second Northern War
first Karl Gustav War
second Karl Gustav War
Scanian War
Great Northern War
Theatre War
War of 1808–1809
German campaign
v
t
e
Polish–Swedish wars
1563-1568
Sigismund
1600–1611
1617–1618
1621–1625
1626–1629
2nd Northern
(Deluge)
Great Northern
War of the Fourth Coalition
War of the Sixth Coalition
v
t
e
Russo-Swedish wars
Middle Ages
(1475–1476)
(1479–1482)
(1495–1497)
(1499)
(1554–1557)
(1558–1583)
(1590–1595)
(1610–1617)
(1656)
(1656–1658)
(1700–1721)
(1741–1743)
(1788–1790)
(1808–09)
v
t
e
Russo-Ottoman wars
1568–70
1676–81
1686–1700
1710–11
1735–39
1768–74
1787–92
1806–12
1828–29
1853–56
1877–78
1914–1918
1916–1917
Turco-Mongol raids
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia, Frederick IV of Denmark–Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony–Poland–Lithuania. Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden, under Charles XII, and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the Battle of Poltava. George I of Great Britain and the Electorate of Hanover joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715.
Charles XII led the Swedish army. Swedish allies included Holstein-Gottorp, several Polish magnates under Stanislaus I Leszczyński (1704–1710) and Cossacks under the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1708–1710). The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I.
The war began when an alliance of Denmark–Norway, Saxony and Russia, sensing an opportunity as Sweden was ruled by the young Charles XII, declared war on the Swedish Empire and launched a threefold attack on Swedish Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish Livonia, and Swedish Ingria. Sweden parried the Danish and Russian attacks at Travendal (August 1700) and Narva (November 1700) respectively, and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II's forces through the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to Saxony, dethroning Augustus on the way (September 1706) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altranstädt (October 1706). The treaty also secured the extradition and execution of Johann Reinhold Patkul, architect of the alliance seven years earlier. Meanwhile, the forces of Peter I had recovered from defeat at Narva and gained ground in Sweden's Baltic provinces, where they cemented Russian access to the Baltic Sea by founding Saint Petersburg in 1703. Charles XII moved from Saxony into Russia to confront Peter, but the campaign ended in 1709 with the destruction of the main Swedish army at the decisive Battle of Poltava (in present-day Ukraine) and Charles' exile in the Ottoman town of Bender. The Ottoman Empire defeated the Russian-Moldavian army in the Pruth River Campaign, but that peace treaty was in the end without great consequence to Russia's position.
After Poltava, the anti-Swedish coalition revived and subsequently Hanover and Prussia joined it. The remaining Swedish forces in plague-stricken areas south and east of the Baltic Sea were evicted, with the last city, Tallinn, falling in the autumn of 1710. The coalition members partitioned most of the Swedish dominions among themselves, destroying the Swedish dominium maris baltici. Sweden proper was invaded from the west by Denmark–Norway and from the east by Russia, which had occupied Finland by 1714. Sweden defeated the Danish invaders at the Battle of Helsingborg. Charles XII opened up a Norwegian front but was killed in the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718.
The war ended with the defeat of Sweden, leaving Russia as the new dominant power in the Baltic region and as a new major force in European politics. The Western powers, Great Britain and France, became caught up in the separate War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), which broke out over the Bourbon Philip of Anjou's succession to the Spanish throne and a possible joining of France and Spain. The formal conclusion of the Great Northern War came with the Swedish-Hanoverian and Swedish-Prussian Treaties of Stockholm (1719), the Dano-Swedish Treaty of Frederiksborg (1720), and the Russo-Swedish Treaty of Nystad (1721). By these treaties Sweden ceded its exemption from the Sound Dues[17] and lost the Baltic provinces and the southern part of Swedish Pomerania. The peace treaties also ended its alliance with Holstein-Gottorp. Hanover gained Bremen-Verden, Brandenburg-Prussia incorporated the Oder estuary (Stettin Lagoons), Russia secured the Baltic Provinces, and Denmark strengthened its position in Schleswig-Holstein. In Sweden, the absolute monarchy had come to an end with the death of Charles XII, and Sweden's Age of Liberty began.[18]
^Larsson 2009, p. 78
^Liljegren 2000
^From 2007, p. 214
^A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, David R. Stone. Greenwood Publishing Group (2006). p. 57.
^From 2007, p. 240
^ abEricson, Sjöslag och rysshärjningar (2011) Stockholm, Norstedts. p. 55. ISBN 978-91-1-303042-5
^ abGrigorjev & Bespalov 2012, p. 52
^Höglund & Sallnäs 2000, p. 51
^Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1505–1764 (History of Poland 1505–1764), pp. 258–261
^"Tacitus.nu, Örjan Martinsson. Danish force". Tacitus.nu. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.
^Höglund & Sallnäs 2000, p. 132
^Ericson, Lars, Svenska knektar (2004) Lund: Historiska media[page needed]
^Teemu Keskisarja (2019). Murhanenkeli. p. 244. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Siltala. ISBN 978-952-234-638-4.
^Урланис Б. Ц. (1960). Войны и народонаселение Европы. Moscow: Изд-во соц.-экон. лит-ры. p. 55.
^Pitirim Sorokin "Social and Cultural Dynamics, vol.3"
^Lindegren, Jan, Det danska och svenska resurssystemet i komparation (1995) Umeå : Björkås : Mitthögsk[page needed]
^Gosse 1911, p. 206.
^Gosse 1911, p. 216.
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