For the region sometimes known in English as Rhine-Hesse, see Rhenish Hesse.
Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein(German)
1806–1918
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto: Gott, Ehre, Vaterland
God, Honour, Fatherland
Anthem:Hessenlied "Song of Hesse"
The Grand Duchy of Hesse within the German Empire
Grand Duchy of Hesse (1815–1866)
Status
State of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)
State of the German Confederation (1815–1866)
State of the North German Confederation (1867/70–1871)
Federal State of the German Empire (1871–1918)
Capital
Darmstadt
Common languages
Hessian German
Religion
Protestantism
Catholicism
Government
Constitutional Monarchy
Grand Duke
• 1806–1830 (first)
Louis I
• 1892–1918 (last)
Ernest Louis
Minister-President
• 1821–1829 (first)
Carl Grolman (first)
• 1906–1918 (last)
Christian Ewald (last)
Legislature
Landstände
Historical era
Napoleonic Wars
WWI
• Established
13 August 1806
• German Revolution
9 November 1918
Area
1806[1]
9,300 km2 (3,600 sq mi)
1815
8,345 km2 (3,222 sq mi)
1866
7,682 km2 (2,966 sq mi)
1910[2]
7,688.36 km2 (2,968.49 sq mi)
Population
• 1806[1]
546,000
• 1889[3]
968,000
• 1910[2]
1,282,051
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
Holy Roman Empire
People's State of Hesse
The Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine (German: Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein) was a grand duchy in western Germany that existed from 1806 to 1918. The grand duchy originally formed from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1806 as the Grand Duchy of Hesse (German: Großherzogtum Hessen). It assumed the name Hesse und bei Rhein in 1816 to distinguish itself from the Electorate of Hesse, which had formed from neighbouring Hesse-Kassel. Colloquially, the grand duchy continued to be known by its former name of Hesse-Darmstadt.
In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and joined Napoleon's new Confederation of the Rhine. The country was promoted to the status of grand duchy and received considerable new territories, principally the Duchy of Westphalia. After the French defeat in 1815, the grand duchy joined the new German Confederation. Westphalia was taken by Prussia, but Hesse received Rhenish Hesse in return. A constitution was proclaimed in 1820 and a long process of legal reforms was begun, with the aim of unifying the disparate territories under the grand duke's control. The political history of the grand duchy during this period was characterised by conflict between the conservative mediatised houses (Standesherren) and forces supporting political and social liberalisation. During the 1848 revolutions, the government was forced to grant wide-ranging reforms, including the full abolition of serfdom and universal manhood suffrage, but the reactionary government of Reinhard von Dalwigick rolled most of these back over the following decade. In 1866, Hesse entered the Austro-Prussian War on the Austrian side, but received a relatively mild settlement from the Prussian victors. The grand duchy joined the German Empire in 1871. As a small state within the empire, the grand duchy had limits placed on its autonomy, but significant religious, social, and cultural reforms were carried out. During the November Revolution after World War I in 1918, the grand duchy was overthrown and replaced by the People's State of Hesse.
^Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg: Großherzogtum Hessen, p. 693 (166 Quadratmeilen).
^Willkommen bei Gemeindeverzeichnis.de
^Mayer, p. 53.
and 20 Related for: Grand Duchy of Hesse information
Grand Duke ofHesse and Wilhelmine of Baden. The prince had a military career and became a general in the infantry of the army of the GrandDuchyof Hesse...
Landgraviate ofHesse. In the 19th century, prior to the unification of Germany, the territory of what is now Hesse comprised the territories ofGrandDuchyof Hesse...
Kingdom of Bavaria and the GrandDuchyofHesse, to the west by the Rhine, to the south by Switzerland, and to the east mainly by the Kingdom of Württemberg...
the House ofHesse and the House of Brabant, originally the Reginar. Hesse was ruled as a landgraviate, electorate and later as a grandduchy until 1918...
name to the Grand Duchy ofHesse and by Rhine in 1816. In 1867, the northern half of the GrandDuchy (Upper Hesse) became a part of the North German Confederation...
The GrandDuchyof Frankfurt was a German satellite state of Napoleonic creation. It came into existence in 1810 through the combination of the former...
German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is made up of territories west of the Upper Rhine river that were part of the GrandDuchyofHesse and its successor...
Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia (born Princess Elisabeth ofHesse and by Rhine; 1 November 1864 – 18 July 1918) was a German Hessian and Rhenish...
branch of the House ofHesse-Darmstadt, which ruled the GrandDuchyofHesse until 1918. The first member was Julia Hauke, whose brother-in-law Grand Duke...
Ståhlberg as President of the Republic. GrandDuchyofHesse: Knight of the Golden Lion, with Collar, 4 August 1885 Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 1 May...
capital of a sovereign country, the GrandDuchyofHesse and its successor, the People's State ofHesse, a federal state of Germany. As the capital of an increasingly...
Friedrich ofHesse and by Rhine (Friedrich Wilhelm August Victor Leopold Ludwig; 7 October 1870 – 29 May 1873) was the second son of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse...
of the duchy itself, with the crown of a GrandDuchy and two lions as supporters (1806 to 1918) Greater coat of arms of the GrandDuchyofHesse in 1902...