Identifying the binding site of an antibody on its target antigen
High-resolution epitope maps of antibodies against Ebola glycoprotein (GP), determined using shotgun mutagenesis epitope mapping. Epitope maps provide data for determining mechanism of action (MOA).
In immunology, epitope mapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding site, or epitope, of an antibody on its target antigen (usually, on a protein).[1][2][3] Identification and characterization of antibody binding sites aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics.[4][5][6][7][8] Epitope characterization can also help elucidate the binding mechanism of an antibody[9] and can strengthen intellectual property (patent) protection.[10][11][12] Experimental epitope mapping data can be incorporated into robust algorithms to facilitate in silico prediction of B-cell epitopes based on sequence and/or structural data.[13]
Epitopes are generally divided into two classes: linear and conformational/discontinuous. Linear epitopes are formed by a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein. Conformational epitopes epitopes are formed by amino acids that are nearby in the folded 3D structure but distant in the protein sequence. Note that conformational epitopes can include some linear segments. B-cell epitope mapping studies suggest that most interactions between antigens and antibodies, particularly autoantibodies and protective antibodies (e.g., in vaccines), rely on binding to discontinuous epitopes.[citation needed]
^DeLisser, HM (1999). "Epitope mapping". Adhesion Protein Protocols. Methods Mol Biol. Vol. 96. pp. 11–20. doi:10.1385/1-59259-258-9:11. ISBN 978-1-59259-258-6. PMID 10098119.
^Davidson, E; Doranz, B (2014). "A high-throughput shotgun mutagenesis approach to mapping B-cell antibody epitopes". Immunology. 143 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1111/imm.12323. PMC 4137951. PMID 24854488.
^Westwood, Olwyn M. R.; Hay, Frank C., eds. (2001). Epitope Mapping: A Practical Approach. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-963652-5.[page needed]
^Gershoni, JM; Roitburd-Berman, A; Siman-Tov, DD; Tarnovitski Freund, N; Weiss, Y (2007). "Epitope mapping: the first step in developing epitope-based vaccines". BioDrugs. 21 (3): 145–56. doi:10.2165/00063030-200721030-00002. PMC 7100438. PMID 17516710. S2CID 29506607.
^Saphire, EO (2018). "Systematic analysis of monoclonal antibodies against Ebola virus GP defines features that contribute to protection". Cell. 174 (4). et al.: P938–52. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.033. PMC 6102396. PMID 30096313.
^Dutton, G (January 1, 2016). "Integral Molecular sizes up Ebola: Membrane protein specialist maps Ebola's binding sites to advance vaccine discovery". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 36 (1).
^Ahmad, TA; Eweida, A; Sheweita, SA (2016). "B-cell epitope mapping for the design of vaccines and effective diagnostics". Trials in Vaccinology. 5: 71–83. doi:10.1016/j.trivac.2016.04.003.
^Ahmad, TA; Eweida, A; El-Sayed, LH (2016). "T-cell epitope mapping for the design of powerful vaccines". Vaccine Reports. 6: 13–22. doi:10.1016/j.vacrep.2016.07.002.
^Davidson, E; et al. (2015). "Mechanism of binding to Ebola virus glycoprotein by the ZMapp, ZMAb, and MB-003 cocktail antibodies". Journal of Virology. 89 (21): 10982–92. doi:10.1128/JVI.01490-15. PMC 4621129. PMID 26311869.
^Banik, S; Deng, X; Doranz, B (2017). "Using epitope mapping to derive more value from mAbs". Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 37 (15).
^Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Ledford, H (2018). "Rush to protect lucrative antibody patents kicks into gear". Nature. 557 (7707): 623–624. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..623L. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05273-z. PMID 29844545.
^Potocnakova, L; Bhide, M; Pulzova, LB (2017). "An introduction to B-cell epitope mapping and in silico epitope prediction". Journal of Immunology Research. 2016: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2016/6760830. PMC 5227168. PMID 28127568.
In immunology, epitopemapping is the process of experimentally identifying the binding site, or epitope, of an antibody on its target antigen (usually...
T-cell epitopes. These vaccines can use multiple epitopes to increase their efficacy. To find epitopes to use for the vaccine, in silico mapping is often...
epitope mapping. The procedure of identifying an antibody's binding sites (epitopes) on the target protein is referred to as "epitopemapping." Finding...
related epitope and are "binned" together. Epitope binning is referenced in the literature under different names such as epitopemapping and epitope characterization...
sandwich configuration. Additionally, it allows the mapping of epitopes as antibodies of overlapping epitopes will be associated with an attenuated signal compared...
These are known as linear epitopes. Antigen Linear epitopeEpitopemapping, finding (on an antigen protein) the epitope(s) for a specific antibody Goldsby...
PMC 4083010. PMID 24492943. Gao W, Xu Y, Liu J, Ho M (May 2016). "Epitopemapping by a Wnt-blocking antibody: evidence of the Wnt binding domain in heparan...
In 2006, Moutaftsi et al. demonstrated that epitope-mapping tools could accurately identify the epitopes responsible for 95% of the murine T-cell response...
of applications. These include affinity-based screening, antibody epitopemapping, the identification of peptide substrates, the identification of cell-binding...
In immunology, a linear epitope (also sequential epitope) is an epitope—a binding site on an antigen—that is recognized by antibodies by its linear sequence...
Pepscan is a procedure for mapping and characterizing epitopes involving the synthesis of overlapping peptides and analysis of the peptides in enzyme-linked...
Lee-Chan E, Stridsberg M, Singh B (April 2014). "Vasostatin-1 antigenic epitopemapping for induction of cellular and humoral immune responses to chromogranin...
molecules that react against a specific antigen, each identifying a different epitope. The general procedure to produce polyclonal antibodies is as follows:...
antigens, granzyme B and Perforin release by T cells, vaccine efficacy, epitopemapping, cytotoxic T-cell activity, detection of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, vaccine-induced...
A peptide microarray (also commonly known as peptide chip or peptide epitope microarray) is a collection of peptides displayed on a solid surface, usually...
; Kanehisa, M. (2006). "MIMOX: A web tool for phage display based epitopemapping". BMC Bioinformatics. 7: 451. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-7-451. PMC 1618411...
Elias; De-Simone, Salvatore Giovanni (January 2015). "B-cell linear epitopesmapping of antigen-5 allergen from Polybia paulista wasp venom". Journal of...
Liu L, Barkla BJ (July 2020). "Identification, characterization and epitopemapping of proteins encoded by putative allergenic napin genes from Brassica...
license. Rahman, M. (2000). "Identification, characterization and epitopemapping of proteins encoded by putative allergenic napin genes from Brassica...
PMC 4083010. PMID 24492943. Gao W, Xu Y, Liu J, Ho M (May 2016). "Epitopemapping by a Wnt-blocking antibody: evidence of the Wnt binding domain in heparan...
antibody recognizes on an antigen is called an epitope. Several antibodies can recognize the same epitope but differ in their binding affinity. The antibody...
hetero-oligomeric complex with caveolins in vivo. Characterization and epitope-mapping of a novel flotillin-1 monoclonal antibody probe". J. Biol. Chem. 274...
Michael G. (November 2017). "A Synthetic Glycan Microarray Enables EpitopeMapping of Plant Cell Wall Glycan-Directed Antibodies". Plant Physiology. 175...
hetero-oligomeric complex with caveolins in vivo. Characterization and epitope-mapping of a novel flotillin-1 monoclonal antibody probe". J. Biol. Chem. 274...
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