Environmental racism in the United States information
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Environmental racism is a form of institutional racism, in which people of colour bear a disproportionate burden of environmental harms, such as pollution from hazardous waste disposal and the effects of natural disasters.[1][2][3] Environmental racism exposes Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic populations to physical health hazards and may negatively impact mental health.[4] It creates disparities in many different spheres of life, such as transportation, housing, and economic opportunity.[5]
Communities of color are more likely to be located next to pollution sources, such as landfills, power plants, and incinerators. There is evidence that exposure to pollution can result in a higher prevalence of disease.[6] Additionally, low-income communities of color are more likely to have polluted water. An analysis of EPA data found that unequal access to safe drinking water is strongly correlated with race.[7] The most polluted communities tend to be those with high poverty, inadequate infrastructure, substandard schools, chronic unemployment, and poor healthcare systems.[8] Empirical evidence suggests environmental hazards negatively affect nearby property values, employment opportunities, and economic activities. In addition, environmental hazards can cause psychological stress.[9][10][11][12]
Natural disasters also tend to have unequal impacts on communities of color. The extent of poverty within a region can often have a much stronger effect on the scale of a natural disaster's impact than the severity of the disaster itself.[13] Affluent, white communities tend to be located on higher ground, so they are less vulnerable to floods than communities of color. Moreover, disaster prevention and recovery plans are often biased against minorities in low-income areas.[14]
^Massey, Rachel. "Environmental Justice: Income, Race, and Health." Tufts University Global Development and Environment Institute (2014).
^BULLARD, ROBERT D. (2003). "Confronting Environmental Racism in the 21st Century". Race, Poverty & the Environment. 10 (1): 49–52. ISSN 1532-2874. JSTOR 41554377.
^Feagin, Joe R. and Clarence B. Feagin (1984) Discrimination American Style: Institutional Racism and Sexism. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger.
^Kaufman, J.D. and Hajat, A. "Confronting Environmental Racism." Environmental Health Perspectives (2021). https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/EHP9511 Archived 2021-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
^McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).
^Mikati, I., A.F. Benson, T.J. Luben, J.D. Sacks, and J. Richmond-Bryant. "Disparities in distribution of particulate matter emission sources by race and poverty status." American Journal of Public Health 108(4):480–485 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304297 Archived 2021-11-21 at the Wayback Machine.
^Pullen, Kristi et al. "Watered Down Justice." National Resources Defense Council (2019). https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/watered-down-justice-report.pdf Archived 2021-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
^Bullard, Robert D (1996). Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color. San Francisco, Sierra Club Books.
^Downey, Liam, and Marieke Van Willigen. 2005. "Environmental Stressors: The Mental Health Impact of Living Near Industrial Activity," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 46:289-305.
^Liu, Feng. 2001. Environmental Justice Analysis. Theories, Methods, and Practice. Lewis Publishers.
^Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53.
^Sadd, James L., Manuel Jr. Pastor, J. Thomas Boer and Lori D. Snyder. 1999. "'Every Breath You Take...': The Demographics of Toxic Air Releases in Southern California." Economic Development Ouarterly 13:107-23.
^Bullard, Robert D. "Differential Vulnerabilities: Environmental and Economic Inequality and Government Response to Unnatural Disasters." Social Research 75, no. 3 (2008): 753–84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40972088 Archived 2021-10-26 at the Wayback Machine.
^Pastor, M., Bullard, R., Boyce, J. K., Fothergill, A., Morello-Frosch, R., & Wright, B. Environment, Disaster, and Race After Katrina. Race, Poverty & the Environment, 13(1), 21–26 (2006). http://www.jstor.org/stable/41495680 Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
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