Global InformationEducation in Ghana information
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| Ministry of Education Ministry of Higher Education | |
|---|---|
| National education budget (2018) | |
| Budget | 18% of government expenditure[1] |
| General details | |
| Primary languages | English |
| System type | National |
| Literacy (2018) | |
| Total | 79.04% |
| Male | 78.3% |
| Female | 65.3% |
| Enrollment (2012/2013[2]) | |
| Total | 8,329,177 |
| Primary | Pre-primary: 1,604,505, Primary: 4,105,913, JHS: 1,452,585 |
| Secondary | SHS and TVI: 904,212 |
| Post secondary | 261,962 (including universities: 109,278)‡ |
| ‡: statistics for 2011/2012 | |
Education in Ghana uses a dualistic approach encompassing both formal and informal learning systems. The current formal educational system was introduced during European colonisation. However, learning systems existed prior to that. The University of Moliyili is one of the earliest learning centers in Ghana established in the 1700s.[3][4][5] During colonisation, European settlers initially introduced a formal education system addressed to the elites[6][7][1] , while education of the average citizen was mainly informal, and based on apprenticeship. Economic activities in pre-colonial Ghana were based on farm produce shared within households and members of each household specialized in providing necessities such as cooking utilities, shelter, clothing, and furniture, and trade with other households was therefore practiced on a very small scale.[8] As such there was no need for employment outside the household that would have otherwise called for disciplines, values, and skills through a formal education system.[2][9] After colonization, Ghana's economy became a hybrid of subsistence and formal economy.[9]
Education indicators[10] in Ghana reflect disparities between gender, rural and urban areas, and the Southern and Northern parts of the country. These disparities drive public action against illiteracy and inequities in access to education. Eliminating illiteracy has been a key objective of Ghanaian education policy for the last 40 years, and the difficulty of ensuring equitable access to education is likewise acknowledged by authorities.[11] Public action in both domains has yielded results judged significant but not sufficient by national experts and international organizations.[12] Increasing vocational education and training in ICT within the education system are also emphasized in Ghanaian education policy.
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)[13] finds that when taking into consideration Ghana's income level, the nation is achieving 76.2% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 65.1% for secondary education.[14]
- ^ "Public spending on education, total (% of government expenditure)". worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
- ^ Ministry of Education 2013, pages 9–12; table 46 (p. 78).
- ^ "Science and Technology in 18th Century Moliyili ) Dagomba) and the Timbuktiu Intellectual Tradition".
- ^ "Exploring the Golden Era Of Dagbon Kingdom: The Impact of Moliyili Scholars and Its Fall".
- ^ "CAUSE AND EFFECT BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS: ANALYZING STATEMENTS THAT ADDRESS THE REGRESSION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN GHANA".
- ^ "Schools under trees deserve national priority". Graphic Online. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ Glavin, Chris (6 February 2017). "History of Education in Ghana | K12 Academics". www.k12academics.com. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ Hymer, Stephen (Spring 2018). "Economic Forms in Pre-Colonial Ghana". Economic History Association. 30 (1): 33–50. doi:10.1017/S0022050700078578. hdl:10419/160011. JSTOR 2116722. S2CID 154689928.
- ^ a b Akurang, Kwabena-Parry (2002). ""The Loads Are Heavier than Usual": Forced Labor by Women and Children in the central province, Gold Coast (Colonial Ghana), CA. 1900–1940". African Economic History. 30 (30): 31–35. doi:10.2307/3601601. JSTOR 3601601.
- ^ "Ghana". uis.unesco.org. 27 November 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
- ^ Glavin, Chris (6 February 2017). "Education in Ghana | K12 Academics". www.k12academics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "Forum". Association of African Entrepreneurs. 17 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ "Ghana - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022.