For other people named Edmund Burke, see Edmund Burke (disambiguation).
Irish-born British statesman and political theorist (1729–1797)
The Right Honourable
Edmund Burke
MP
Portrait by Joshua Reynolds, c. 1769
Rector of the University of Glasgow
In office 1783–1785
Preceded by
Henry Dundas
Succeeded by
Robert Bontine
Paymaster of the Forces
In office 16 April 1783 – 8 January 1784
Prime Minister
The Duke of Portland
William Pitt the Younger
Preceded by
Isaac Barré
Succeeded by
William Grenville
In office 10 April 1782 – 1 August 1782
Prime Minister
The Marquess of Rockingham
Preceded by
Richard Rigby
Succeeded by
Isaac Barré
Member of Parliament for Malton
In office 18 October 1780 – 20 June 1794
Serving with
William Weddell
Thomas Gascoigne
George Damer
Preceded by
Savile Finch
Succeeded by
Richard Burke Jr.
Member of Parliament for Bristol
In office 4 November 1774 – 6 September 1780
Serving with Henry Cruger
Preceded by
Matthew Brickdale
Succeeded by
Henry Lippincott
Member of Parliament for Wendover
In office December 1765 – 5 October 1774
Serving with
Richard Chandler-Cavendish
Robert Darling
Joseph Bullock
Preceded by
Verney Lovett
Succeeded by
John Adams
Personal details
Born
(1729-01-12)12 January 1729 Dublin, Leinster, Kingdom of Ireland[1]
Died
9 July 1797(1797-07-09) (aged 68) Beaconsfield, England, Kingdom of Great Britain
Political party
Whig (Rockinghamite)
Spouse
Jane Mary Nugent
(m. 1757)
Children
Richard Burke Jr.
Education
Trinity College Dublin Middle Temple
Occupation
Writer, politician, journalist, philosopher
Philosophy career
Notable work
A Vindication of Natural Society (1756)
On the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)
On American Taxation (1774)
Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (1791)
Era
Age of Enlightenment
Region
Western philosophy
British philosophy
School
Conservatism Liberalism Counter-Enlightenment
Institutions
Literary Club (co-founder)
Main interests
Aesthetics
Economics
Politics
Society
Notable ideas
Aesthetic sublime
Literary sublime
Traditionalist conservatism
Intergenerationality
Religious thought
Influences
Aristotle
Cicero
Aquinas
Coke
Grotius
Selden
Milton
Montesquieu
Blackstone
Hume
Lord Rockingham
Influenced
Smith
Kant
More[2]
Maistre
Godwin[3]
Gentz
Wordsworth
Canning
Coleridge
Hazlitt
Brougham
Calhoun[4]
Macaulay
Newman
Cobden
Disraeli
Tocqueville
Gladstone
Taine
Acton
Morley
Babbitt
Jovanović
Belloc
Hirst
Chesterton
Douglas
Keynes
Hayek
Oakeshott
Kirk
Buckley
Sowell
Mansfield
Scruton
Signature
Edmund Burke (/ˈbɜːrk/; 12 January [NS] 1729[5] – 9 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, economist, and philosopher. Born in Dublin, Burke served as a member of Parliament (MP) between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons of Great Britain with the Whig Party.
Burke was a proponent of underpinning virtues with manners in society and of the importance of religious institutions for the moral stability and good of the state.[6] These views were expressed in his A Vindication of Natural Society. He criticised the actions of the British government towards the American colonies, including its taxation policies. Burke also supported the rights of the colonists to resist metropolitan authority, although he opposed the attempt to achieve independence. He is remembered for his support for Catholic emancipation, the impeachment of Warren Hastings from the East India Company, and his staunch opposition to the French Revolution.
In his Reflections on the Revolution in France, Burke asserted that the revolution was destroying the fabric of good society and traditional institutions of state and society and condemned the persecution of the Catholic Church that resulted from it. This led to his becoming the leading figure within the conservative faction of the Whig Party which he dubbed the Old Whigs as opposed to the pro–French Revolution New Whigs led by Charles James Fox.[7]
In the 19th century, Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals.[8] Subsequently, in the 20th century, he became widely regarded, especially in the United States, as the philosophical founder of conservatism.[9][10]
^"Edmund Burke". Library Ireland. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017.
^M. G. Jones, Hannah More (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), p. 135.
^Marshall, Peter Hugh (1991). Demanding the Impossible. HarperCollins. p. 134. ISBN 0-00-217855-9. When Burke became a Tory after the French Revolution and thundered against all improvement, he disowned his Vindication of Natural Society as a youthful folly. Most commentators have followed suit, suggesting that he was trying to parody the manner of Bolingbroke. But Godwin, while recognizing Burke's ironic intention, took him seriously. He acknowledged that most of his own arguments against political society in An Enquiry concerning Political Justice (1793) may be found in Burke's work – 'a treatise, in which the evils of the existing political institutions are displayed with incomparable force of reasoning and lustre of eloquence'.
^Dauer, M. J. (1953). "Review of John C. Calhoun: Sectionalist, 1840-1850.; The Political Theory of John C. Calhoun., by C. M. Wiltse & A. O. Spain". The Journal of Politics. 15 (1): 156–159. doi:10.2307/2126203. JSTOR 2126203.
^The exact year of his birth is the subject of a great deal of controversy; 1728, 1729, and 1730 have been proposed. The month and day of his birth also are subject to question, a problem compounded by the Julian–Gregorian changeover in 1752, during his lifetime. For a fuller treatment of the question, see F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke. Volume I: 1730–1784 (Clarendon Press, 1999), pp. 16–17. Conor Cruise O'Brien (2008; p. 14) questions Burke's birthplace as having been in Dublin, arguing in favour of Shanballymore, Co. Cork (in the house of his uncle, James Nagle).
^Richard Bourke, Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke (Princeton University Press, 2015), pp. 220–221, passim.
^Burke lived before the terms "conservative" and "liberal" were used to describe political ideologies, cf. J. C. D. Clark, English Society, 1660–1832 (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 5, 301.
^Dennis O'Keeffe; John Meadowcroft (2009). Edmund Burke. Continuum. p. 93. ISBN 978-0826429780.
^Andrew Heywood, Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Third Edition. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 74.
^F. P. Lock, Edmund Burke. Volume II: 1784–1797 (Clarendon Press, 2006), p. 585.
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