For other uses, see Disinformation (disambiguation).
It has been suggested that Disinformation attack be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2023.
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Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people.[1][2][3] Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political, military, or commercial goals.[4] Disinformation is implemented through attacks that "weaponize multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths, half-truths, and value judgements—to exploit and amplify culture wars and other identity-driven controversies."[5]
In contrast, misinformation refers to inaccuracies that stem from inadvertent error.[6] Misinformation can be used to create disinformation when known misinformation is purposefully and intentionally disseminated.[7] "Fake news" has sometimes been categorized as a type of disinformation, but scholars have advised not using these two terms interchangeably or using "fake news" altogether in academic writing since politicians have weaponized it to describe any unfavorable news coverage or information.[8]
^Ion Mihai Pacepa and Ronald J. Rychlak (2013), Disinformation: Former Spy Chief Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism, WND Books, pp. 4–6, 34–39, 75, ISBN 978-1-936488-60-5
^Cite error: The named reference bittman1985 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference shultzgodson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (2023). "Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach". New Media & Society. Online first: 1–24. doi:10.1177/14614448231207644. S2CID 264816011 – via SAGE.
^Cite error: The named reference auto was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Ireton, C & Posetti, J (2018) "Journalism, fake news & disinformation: handbook for journalism education and training" UNESCO". Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
^Golbeck, Jennifer, ed. (2008), Computing with Social Trust, Human-Computer Interaction Series, Springer, pp. 19–20, ISBN 978-1-84800-355-2
^Freelon, Deen; Wells, Chris (3 March 2020). "Disinformation as Political Communication". Political Communication. 37 (2): 145–156. doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755. ISSN 1058-4609. S2CID 212897113. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
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Disinformation attacks are strategic deception campaigns involving media manipulation and internet manipulation, to disseminate misleading information...
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(sometimes referred to as "Operation INFEKTION") was an active measure disinformation campaign run by the KGB in the 1980s to plant the idea that the United...
The Disinformation Governance Board (DGB) was an advisory board of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), announced on April 27, 2022...
at school, such disinformation will be repeated by journalists as well as parents, thus reinforcing the idea that the disinformation item is really a...
The Center for Countering Disinformation (CCD) (Ukrainian: Центр протидії дезінформації) is a working body of the National Security and Defense Council...
Group Counter disinformation unit Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act The Disinformation Project East StratCom...
which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph...
Use of disinformation as a Soviet tactical weapon started in 1923, when it became a tactic used in the Soviet political warfare called active measures...
Marxist–Leninist". Hinkle has a history of spreading misinformation and disinformation, as well as conspiracy theories, according to Bellingcat and others...
February 1996) is a British broadcast journalist. She is the BBC's first disinformation specialist and social media correspondent. Spring was born on 21 February...
the stated purpose of stopping the spread of online hate speech and disinformation. It campaigns to deplatform people that it believes promote hate or...
author of How to Lose the Information War (2020), on Russian use of disinformation as geopolitical strategy, and How to Be a Woman Online (2022), a handbook...
Crimea. It has been accused by multiple sources of being an outlet for disinformation and propaganda under the control of the Russian government. For this...
19 and 20 March 2015, citing the "need to challenge Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns". Initially, it relied on donations from European countries...
The Disinformation Project is a research group studying the effects of disinformation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. The Disinformation...
disorder is false or misleading information (misinformation, including disinformation, propaganda, and hoaxes) presented as news. Fake news often has the...
journalist advocacy groups have accused CGTN of broadcasting propaganda and disinformation on behalf of the Chinese government, and airing forced confessions....
the platform has been criticized for enabling the increased spread of disinformation, hate speech (antisemitism, homophobia, transphobia) and child pornography...
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