14th-century miniature of the Second Crusade battle from the Estoire d'Eracles
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Crusades
Ideology and institutions
Crusading movement
In the Holy Land (1095–1291)
First
1101
Norwegian
Venetian
1129
Second
Third
1197
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Barons'
Seventh
1267
Catalan
Eighth
Lord Edward's
Fall of Outremer
Later Crusades (1291–1717)
Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399
Aragonese
Smyrniote
Alexandrian
Savoyard
Barbary
1390
1398
1399
Nicopolis
Varna
Holy Leagues
1332
1495
1511
1526
1535
1538
1571
1594
1684
1717
Northern (1147–1410)
Kalmar
Wendish
Swedish
1150
1249
1293
Livonian
Prussian
Lithuanian
Russian
Against heretics (1209–1485)
Albigensian
Drenther
Stedinger
Bosnian
Bohemian
Despenser's
Hussite
Popular (1096–1320)
People's (1096)
Children's
Shepherds' (1251)
Crusade of the Poor
Shepherds' (1320)
Reconquista (722–1492)
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to reconquer Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after it had been taken by force centuries earlier. Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of military campaigns were organised, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. Crusading declined rapidly after the 15th century.
In 1095, after a Byzantine request for aid,[1] Pope Urban II proclaimed the first expedition at the Council of Clermont. He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor AlexiosI Komnenos and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in Western Europe, there was an enthusiastic response. Participants came from all over Europe and had a variety of motivations. These included religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Later expeditions were conducted by generally more organised armies, sometimes led by a king. All were granted papal indulgences. Initial successes established four Crusader states: the County of Edessa; the Principality of Antioch; the Kingdom of Jerusalem; and the County of Tripoli. A European presence remained in the region in some form until the fall of Acre in 1291. After this, no further large military campaigns were organised.
Other church-sanctioned campaigns include crusades against Christians not obeying papal rulings and heretics, those against the Ottoman Empire, and ones for political reasons. The struggle against the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula–the Reconquista–ended in 1492 with the Fall of Granada. From 1147, the Northern Crusades were fought against pagan tribes in Northern Europe. Crusades against Christians began with the Albigensian Crusade in the 13th century and continued through the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century. Crusades against the Ottomans began in the late 14th century and include the Crusade of Varna. Popular crusades, including the Children's Crusade of 1212 were generated by the masses and were unsanctioned by the Church.
^Helen J. Nicholson, The Crusades, (Greenwood Publishing, 2004), 6.
the Northern Crusades were fought against pagan tribes in Northern Europe. Crusades against Christians began with the Albigensian Crusade in the 13th century...
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church...
the traditional numbered crusades and others that prominent historians have identified as crusades. The scope of the term crusade first referred to military...
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against...
The Crusades Trilogy is a series of historical novels written by Swedish author and journalist Jan Guillou about the Consolidation of Sweden and the Crusades...
Look up crusader in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Crusader or Crusaders may refer to: Crusader, a participant in one of the Crusades Convair NB-36H...
of the Jews and the Crusades is part of the history of antisemitism toward Jews in the Middle Ages. The call for the First Crusade intensified the persecutions...
popular crusades were several movements "animated by crusading enthusiasm" but unsanctioned by the Church. They contrast with the "official crusades" authorised...
Chronology of the Crusades presents the list of chronologies and timelines concerning the Crusades. These include the Crusades to the Holy Land, the Fall...
University Press. Mol, Johannes A. (2002). "Frisian Fighters and the Crusades" (PDF). Crusades. 1: 89–110. doi:10.1080/28327861.2002.12220535. hdl:20.500...
The event has been renamed Harvest Crusades. In 2005, 100,000 people attended at the conference. Harvest Crusades shifted to an online-only format in...
(ed.). Remembering the Crusades and Crusading. Routledge. pp. 49–72. Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203389638...
Fourth Crusade". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311...
Companion to the Crusades. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-24732-2. Madden, Thomas F. (2005). The New Concise History of the Crusades. Lanham, MD: Rowman...
In the Middle Ages, criticism of crusading was a minority opinion in western Europe. By contrast, the crusades in general were roundly criticized in the...
The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first...
Crusader States". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume V: The Impact of the Crusades on...
Crusades, the Swedish Crusades were campaigns by Sweden in Finland and Novgorod. They include: First Swedish Crusade (1150s) Second Swedish Crusade (1240s)...
The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, it...
Historical Atlas of the Crusades, London: Mercury Books, ISBN 978-1-904668-00-8 Madden, Thomas (2000), A Concise History of the Crusades, Rowman & Littlefield...
Thomas C. Van Cleve, "The Fifth Crusade", in A History of the Crusades (gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 2: The Later Crusades, 1189-1311 (ed. R.L. Wolff...
Historians and histories of the Crusades identifies the sets of histories and their authors (when known) concerning the Crusades that were conducted from 1095...
Steven. A History of the Crusades, Volume One. pp. 150–1, 156, 161, 162, 180. "Rainald". Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, Volume One. pp. 128...
The crusading movement encompasses the framework of ideologies and institutions that described, regulated, and promoted the Crusades. The crusades were...
Virginia G. (1969). The Second Crusade (PDF). Chapter XV, A History of the Crusades, Volume I. Brundage, James (1962). The Crusades: A Documentary History. Milwaukee...
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