The Cossack uprisings (also kozakrebellions, revolts) were a series of military conflicts between the Cossacks and the states claiming dominion over the territories they lived in, namely the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[1] and Russian Empire[2] during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The conflict resulted from both states' attempts to exert control over the independent-minded Cossacks. While the early uprisings were against the Commonwealth, as the Russian Empire gained increasing and then total control over the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) lands where the Cossacks lived, the target of Cossacks uprisings changed as well.[1][3][4]
The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed. Traditional historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th to 15th centuries.[5] Towards the end of the 15th century, the Ukrainian Cossacks formed the Zaporozhian Sich centered on the fortified Dnipro islands.[6] Initially a vassal of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the increasing social and religious pressure from the Commonwealth sparked a series of uprisings, and the proclamation of an independent Cossack Hetmanate, culminating in a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky in the mid-17th century.[1] While the Cossacks were useful to the Polish-Lithuanian states in the war periods, they proved to be more problematic in the peacetime, due to their raids on the Commonwealth neighbours (primarily, the Ottoman Empire and its allies).[1] Further, the Polish nobility tried to assert control over the Cossack territories, turn them into feudal latifundia, limit the growth of the militant Cossacks, and even reverse it, by turning the Cossacks into serfs.[1] Afterward the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Treaty of Pereyaslav brought most of the Cossack Hetmanate under Russian control.[7]
The Zaporozhian Cossacks were not the only notable group of Cossacks; others included the Don Cossack Host, Dlobodsk Cossacks, Terek Cossacks and Yaik Cossacks.[8] As the Tsardom of Muscovy took over the disputed Cossacks lands from the Poland–Lithuania, eventually all Cossacks came under the Russian rule, but the Tsarist and later Imperial government had only a limited control over the Cossacks.[9] The Cossacks provided refuge for runaway serfs and bandits, and often mounted unauthorized raids and pirate expeditions against the Ottoman Empire.[9] While the Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire served as buffer zones on its borders, the expansionist ambitions of the empire relied on ensuring control over the Cossacks, which caused tension with their traditional independent lifestyle.[9] As the empire attempted to limit Cossacks autonomy in the 17th and 18th centuries, this resulted in rebellions led by Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin and Yemelyan Pugachev.[3][4][9] In extreme cases, whole Hosts could be dissolved, as was the fate of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775.[4][10] In this last phase of their history, the Cossacks lost most of their autonomy to the Russian state.[1]
Cossack uprisings, like the Cossack people themselves, have been portrayed variously in the Polish, Russian and Ukrainian historiographers.[11]
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The Cossackuprisings (also kozak rebellions, revolts) were a series of military conflicts between the Cossacks and the states claiming dominion over...
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, also known as the Cossack–Polish War, or the Khmelnytsky insurrection, was a Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and...
Ukrainian society, led to many Cossackuprisings in the 1630s. These eventually culminated in the Khmelnytsky Uprising, led by the hetman of the Zaporizhian...
were Cossacks who lived beyond (that is, downstream from) the Dnieper Rapids. Along with Registered Cossacks and Sloboda Cossacks, Zaporozhian Cossacks played...
the Terek Cossack Host the Astrakhan Cossack Host the Ural Cossack Host the Orenburg Cossack Host the Siberian Cossacks the Semiryechye Cossack Host the...
estate and became a registered Cossack in the Chyhyryn Regiment. He most likely did not take part in any of the Cossackuprisings that broke out in Ukraine...
There were several Cossackuprisings against the Commonwealth in the early 17th century. The largest of them was the Khmelnytsky Uprising, which together...
rejestrowi) comprised special Cossack units of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army in the 16th and 17th centuries. Registered Cossacks became a military formation...
Bohdan Khmelnytsky to address the issue of the Cossack Hetmanate with the ongoing Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and...
against slavery and serfdom, most often in conjunction with Cossackuprisings, such as the uprisings of Ivan Bolotnikov (1606–1607), Stenka Razin (1667–1671)...
The Ural Cossack Host was a cossack host formed from the Ural Cossacks – those Eurasian cossacks settled by the Ural River. Their alternative name, Yaik...
The Terek Cossack Host was a Cossack host created in 1577 from free Cossacks who resettled from the Volga to the Terek River. The local aboriginal Terek...
Cossackuprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king, which enjoyed wide support from the local population. Khmelnytsky founded the Cossack...
Ukrainian society, led to a number of Cossackuprisings in the 1630s. These eventually culminated in the Khmelnytsky Uprising, led by the hetman of the Zaporizhian...
between the Don Cossacks and the Tsardom of Russia. Kondraty Bulavin, a democratically elected Ataman of the Don Cossacks, led the Cossack rebels. The conflict...
1750 another uprising occurred as the haidamakas continued to receive popular sympathy. Based in the lands of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, they moved into...
kubantsi), are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia. Most of the Kuban Cossacks are descendants of different major groups of Cossacks who were re-settled...
as well as by hostility of Cossacks and peasants to the local Polonized Ruthenian nobility and ethnic Poles. The uprising was accompanied by pogroms against...
peasant, Cossack, and noble uprising of 1606–1607 led by Ivan Bolotnikov and several other leaders. At the time of the highest point of the uprising (the...
The Kiev Cossack insurrection was a mass peasant movement in the Kiev Governorate and Chernihiv Governorate in 1855 directed against the national and...
The Persian Cossack Brigade, also known as the Iranian Cossack Brigade (Persian: بریگاد قزاق, romanized: Berīgād-e qazzāq), was a Cossack-style cavalry...
Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks adopted the weapon. Two styles of shashka exist: the Caucasian/Circassian shashka and the Cossack shashka. In 1834 the Russian...
romanized: dontsi), are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. Historically, they lived within the former Don Cossack Host (Russian: Донское...
Black Sea Cossack Host (Russian: Черномо́рское каза́чье во́йско; Ukrainian: Чорномо́рське коза́цьке ві́йсько), also known as Chernomoriya (Russian: Черномо́рия)...
Nalyvaiko, it lasted from 1594 to 1596. The second in a series of Cossackuprisings, the conflict was ultimately won by the Crown of Poland, but two years...
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