In linguistics, clusivity[1] is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we". Inclusive "we" specifically includes the addressee, while exclusive "we" specifically excludes the addressee; in other words, two (or more) words that both translate to "we", one meaning "you and I, and possibly someone else", the other meaning "me and some other person or persons, but not you". While imagining that this sort of distinction could be made in other persons (particularly the second) is straightforward, in fact the existence of second-person clusivity (you vs. you and they) in natural languages is controversial and not well attested.[2] While clusivity is not a feature of standard English language, it is found in many languages around the world.
The first published description of the inclusive-exclusive distinction by a European linguist was in a description of languages of Peru in 1560 by Domingo de Santo Tomás in his Grammatica o arte de la lengua general de los indios de los Reynos del Perú, published in Valladolid, Spain.[3]
^Filimonova, Elena (30 November 2005). Clusivity: Typology and case studies of the inclusive-exclusive distinction. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027293886 – via Google Books.
^Simon, Horst J. (2005). "Only you? Philological investigations into the alleged inclusive-exclusive distinction in the second person plural" (PDF). In Filimonova, Elena (ed.). Clusivity: Typology and case studies of the inclusive-exclusive distinction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: King's College London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
^Mary Haas. 1969. "Exclusive" and "inclusive": A look at early usage. International Journal of American Linguistics 35:1-6. JSTOR 1263878.
existence of second-person clusivity (you vs. you and they) in natural languages is controversial and not well attested. While clusivity is not a feature of...
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attached to the verb and do not take nominal morphology. Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of...
Person: Grammatical Person". Ton van Hattum. Filimonova, Elena (2005). Clusivity: Typology and Case Studies of Inclusive-exclusive Distinction. John Benjamins...
most other Austronesian languages, the first person plural forms encode clusivity. This distinction, not found in most European languages, signifies whether...
the contents of one object are also contained within a second object Clusivity, a linguistic concept Include (horse), a racehorse Inclusion by reference...
phonological and grammatical influence (e.g. retroflex consonants and clusivity) in the Indo-Aryan languages suggest that Dravidian languages were spoken...
linguistic means to express the social status of the person being spoken to Clusivity, means of distinguishing who a pronoun addresses or refers to This disambiguation...
girl that I don't know what she said. Anaphora (linguistics) Cataphora Clusivity Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns Generic antecedents Deixis...
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grammatical numbers (singular, dual, trial and plural) and also encode the clusivity distinction: 1st person non-singular pronouns (equivalent of English we)...
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umbrella), derived from Manchu aga (rain). Manchu personal pronouns have a clusivity distinction and mostly use the same case markers as nouns, but with some...
and plural) and three persons (first, second, and third), as well as clusivity in its personal pronouns.: 134 A Yapese Talking Dictionary was produced...
Tulu makes the distinction between the inclusive and exclusive we (see Clusivity: Dravidian languages): nama 'we (including you)' as opposed to yenkuḷu...
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