Global InformationChad information
Republic of Chad
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| Capital and largest city | N'Djamena 12°06′N 16°02′E / 12.100°N 16.033°E |
| Official languages |
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| Ethnic groups (2009 Census[1]) |
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| Religion (2020)[2] |
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| Demonym(s) | Chadian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under a military junta[3] |
• Transitional President | Mahamat Déby |
• Prime Minister | Succès Masra |
• Vice President | Djimadoum Tiraina |
| Legislature | National Transitional Council[4] |
| Independence from France | |
• Colony established | 5 September 1900 |
• Autonomy granted | 28 November 1958 |
• Sovereign state | 11 August 1960 |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,284,000 km2 (496,000 sq mi)[5] (20th) |
• Water (%) | 1.9 |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 18,523,165[6] (66th) |
• Density | 14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total |  $32.375 billion[7] (147th) |
• Per capita | $1,806[7] (179th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | $12.596 billion[7] (145th) |
• Per capita | $702[7] (183rd) |
| Gini (2018) | 37.5[8] medium |
| HDI (2022) | 0.394[9] low (189th) |
| Currency | Central African CFA franc (XAF) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (WAT) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +235 |
| ISO 3166 code | TD |
| Internet TLD | .td |
Chad,[a] officially the Republic of Chad,[b] is an independent state at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. The landlocked country is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. With a total area of around 1,284,000 km2 (496,000 sq mi), Chad is the fifth-largest country in Africa and the twentieth largest nation by area in the world.
Chad has several regions: the Sahara desert in the north, an arid zone in the centre known as the Sahel and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French.[10] It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad.[2][11]
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium AD, a series of states and empires had risen and fallen in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 1960, Chad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979 the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the South's hegemony. The rebel commanders then fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. The Chadian–Libyan conflict erupted in 1978 by the Libyan invasion which stopped in 1987 with a French military intervention (Operation Épervier). Hissène Habré was overthrown in turn in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. With French support, a modernization of the Chad National Army was initiated in 1991. From 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan spilt over the border and destabilised the nation. Already poor, the nation and people struggled to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees who live in and around camps in eastern Chad.
While many political parties participated in Chad's legislature, the National Assembly, power laid firmly in the hands of the Patriotic Salvation Movement during the presidency of Idriss Déby, whose rule was described as authoritarian.[12][13][14] After President Déby was killed by FACT rebels in April 2021, the Transitional Military Council led by his son Mahamat Déby assumed control of the government and dissolved the Assembly.[15] Chad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état.
Chad ranks the 2nd lowest in the Human Development Index, with 0.394 in 2021 placed 190th, and a least developed country facing the effects of being one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world. Most of its inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003 crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industry. Chad has a poor human rights record, with frequent abuses such as arbitrary imprisonment, extrajudicial killings, and limits on civil liberties by both security forces and armed militias.
- ^ "Analyse Thematique des Resultats Definitifs Etat et Structures de la Population". Institut National de la Statistique, des Études Économiques et Démographiques du Tchad. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Religions in Chad | PEW-GRF". Archived from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ Ramadane, Mahamat (2 October 2022). "Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years". Reuters. N'Djamena. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ "Chad's military ruler Mahamat Deby names transitional parliament". Al Jazeera. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Le TCHAD en bref" (in French). INSEED. 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
- ^ "Chad". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Glottolog 4.8 - Languages of Chad". glottolog.org. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Chad's authoritarian Deby unwilling to quit". Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Haynes, Suyin (28 March 2019). "This African Country Has Had a Yearlong Ban on Social Media. Here's What's Behind the Blackout". Time. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ^ Werman, Marco (5 June 2012). "ExxonMobil and Chad's Authoritarian Regime: An 'Unholy Bargain'". The World. Public Radio International. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
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