For other uses, see Biological material (disambiguation).
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Cellular components are the complex biomolecules and structures of which cells, and thus living organisms, are composed. Cells are the structural and functional units of life.[1] The smallest organisms are single cells, while the largest organisms are assemblages of trillions of cells. DNA, double stranded macromolecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell[2] and found in all living cells;[3] each cell carries chromosome(s) having a distinctive DNA sequence.[4]
Examples include macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, biomolecular complexes such as a ribosome, and structures such as membranes, and organelles. While the majority of cellular components are located within the cell itself, some may exist in extracellular areas of an organism.[5]
Cellular components may also be called biological matter or biological material. Most biological matter has the characteristics of soft matter, being governed by relatively small energies. All known life is made of biological matter. To be differentiated from other theoretical or fictional life forms, such life may be called carbon-based, cellular, organic, biological, or even simply living – as some definitions of life exclude hypothetical types of biochemistry.
^Zedalis, Julianne; Eggebrecht, John (2018-03-08). "Ch. 4 Chapter Summary - Biology for AP® Courses | OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^Zedalis, Julianne; Eggebrecht, John (2018-03-08). "Ch. 3 Key Terms - Biology for AP® Courses | OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^"Contents of Essentials of Cell Biology | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^yourgenome, (2014). In: GLOSSARY Chromosome. [online] Available at: https://www.yourgenome.org/glossary/chromosome/ [Accessed 15 Aug. 2023].
^Vasyutin, I. A.; Lyundup, A. V.; Viranov, A. Z.; Butnaru, D. V.; Kuznetsov, S. L. (2017). "Urethra Reconstruction with Tissue-Engineering Technology". Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk. 72 (1): 17–25. doi:10.15690/vramn771. ISSN 0869-6047. PMID 29308838.
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separate cellularcomponents while preserving individual functions of each component. This is a method that was originally used to demonstrate the cellular location...
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archaea. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellularcomponents caused by sources such as reactive oxygen species, free radicals...
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cell). According to the Gene Ontology, the extracellular space is a cellularcomponent defined as: "That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells...
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive...
switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones...
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cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellularcomponents. The different stages of mitosis altogether define the mitotic phase...
inhibition of cell growth and multiplication. Cytostatic refers to a cellularcomponent or medicine that inhibits cell division. Cytostasis is an important...
in autophagy, the process that cells use to destroy and recycle cellularcomponents. Ohsumi is a professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology's Institute...
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other cellularcomponents. Additionally, neurons have other unique structures such as dendrites...
characterize the eukaryotic cell. It was once thought that prokaryotic cellularcomponents were unenclosed within the cytoplasm except for an outer cell membrane...
to as antibody-mediated immunity. The study of the molecular and cellularcomponents that form the immune system, including their function and interaction...
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neuron firing an action potential. Therefore, the concentrations of extra-cellular glutamate (and other cations) and the quantity of post-synaptic AMPA receptors...
transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellularcomponents (anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (catabolism). Living things...
purulent exudate (dead neutrophils, phagocytized bacteria, and other cellularcomponents). Fluid may drain freely from the carbuncle, or intervention involving...